Zusammenfassung
Das retroperitoneale Emphysem stellt einen krankhaften Zustand mit einer abnormen Luftansammlung im retroperitonealen Gewebe dar. Die Diagnose wird radiologisch gestellt. Ursache ist zumeist eine iatrogene Komplikation unterschiedlicher diagnostischer oder therapeutischer Verfahren. Die häufigste Ursache besteht in einer Perforation im Rahmen einer endoskopischen retrograden Cholangiopankreatikographie (ERCP). Bei klinischem Verdacht auf eine postinterventionelle Komplikation sind die unmittelbare Diagnostik mithilfe einer Computertomographie des Abdomens und eine interdisziplinäre Festlegung des geeigneten therapeutischen Prozedere notwendig, weil die zeitnahe Therapie die Morbidität und Mortalität der Patienten senkt. Für die Wahl der richtigen Therapie sind das Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Pathophysiologie des retroperitonealen Emphysems und der klinische Zustand des Patienten essenziell. So können zum Retroperitoneum gelegene periampulläre oder Gallengangverletzungen beim stabilen Patienten meist konservativ behandelt werden; dagegen sind beim instabilen Patienten mit Abszessverdacht interventionell radiologische und endoskopische Verfahren indiziert. Bei duodenaler Verletzung und stabilem Patienten kann ein endoskopischer Verschluss der Perforationsstelle erfolgen. Beim Vorliegen von Peritonismus oder klinischer Verschlechterung des Patienten steht die operative Therapie im Vordergrund.
Abstract
Retroperitoneal emphysema represents a pathological situation with an abnormal amount of air in the retroperitoneal tissue. The diagnosis is made radiologically.The cause is mostly an iatrogenic complication of different diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The most common cause is a perforation after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In cases of clinically suspected complications after a procedure prompt diagnosis with computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and an interdisciplinary decision on the suitable therapeutic measures is warranted, as immediate therapy reduces morbidity and mortality of patients. For selecting the ideal therapy it is essential to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of retroperitoneal emphysema and to take the clinical situation of the patient into account. Thus periampullary or bile duct lesions facing the retroperitoneum can be treated conservatively in clinically stable patients, whereas in unstable patients with abscess formation, interventional radiological or endoscopic procedures are indicated. In cases of a duodenal lesion an endoscopic closure of the perforation can be performed in stable patients but if the patient shows signs of peritonism or if the clinical situation deteriorates, operative therapy is necessary.
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Interessenkonflikt. T. Vowinkel und N. Senninger geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Der Beitrag enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
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Vowinkel, T., Senninger, N. Retroperitoneales Emphysem nach endoskopischer retrograder Cholangiopankreatikographie. Chirurg 86, 462–467 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2829-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2829-4