Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Akute Nierenfunktionsstörungen („acute kidney injury“, AKI) sind im perioperativen Bereich mit einer hohen Morbidität und Letalität verbunden und erhöhen im Langzeitverlauf das Risiko für eine chronische Niereninsuffizienz. Die wichtigsten prophylaktischen Maßnahmen sind die präoperative Identifizierung von Risikopatienten, die perioperative Vermeidung von nephrotoxischen Medikamenten sowie eine frühe und zielgerichtete hämodynamische Stabilisierung. Die Hauptursachen für eine perioperative AKI sind schwere Sepsis und septischer Schock, Volumenmangelzustände sowie kardiales Versagen.
Mögliche Nierenersatzverfahren
Die Wahl des Nierenersatzverfahrens kann unter Berücksichtigung der lokalen Ressourcen erfolgen. Allerdings sind operative Patienten häufig pulmonal und hämodynamisch instabil, sodass auch unter Berücksichtigung der oft erheblichen Volumenverschiebungen kontinuierliche Verfahren vorteilhaft sind. Wenn Patienten regelhaft zu Revisionseingriffen in den Operationssaal verbracht werden müssen, können prolongierte Dialyseverfahren („slow-extended daily dialysis“, SLEDD) in Form einer 8–12 h dauernden Behandlung logistisch sinnvoll sein. Für die besonders blutungsgefährdeten chirurgischen Patienten kann mit der regionalen Zitratantikoagulation das Blutungsrisiko und der Transfusionsbedarf signifikant reduziert werden.
Ausblick
Eine aktuelle Metaanalyse legt nahe, dass bei chirurgischen Patienten ein früher Behandlungsbeginn die Letalität senkt. Bei speziellen chirurgischen Krankheitsbildern, wie z. B. dem akuten Aortenverschluss (Leriche-Syndom), sind Patienten oft schon intraoperativ nach Wiedereröffnung der verschlossenen Strombahn durch eine hochgradige metabolische Acidose sowie bedrohliche Hyperkaliämien gefährdet. Hier kann mit mobilen Tanknierensystemen bereits intraoperativ eine hocheffektive Dialyse sicher durchgeführt werden.
Abstract
Background
Perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, excess mortality, and an increased risk for chronic renal failure. Recommendations to prevent perioperative AKI include the early identification of patients at risk, the avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs, and early goal-directed haemodynamic stabilization. The major causes for perioperative AKI are severe sepsis and septic shock, hypovolemia, bleeding and cardiac failure.
Possible renal replacement modalities
The choice of modality, i.e. intermittent or continuous renal replacement (CRRT) therapy, can be made based on local resources. However, surgical patients frequently have impaired haemodynamics, a decreased pulmonary function and require removal of large amounts of fluid. In such cases, CRRT offers improved haemodynamic stability and volume control. Frequently, patients must be transferred to the operating theatre for redo procedures. Here, slow-extended daily dialysis treatments of 8–12 h can deliver a high dialysis dose with good haemodynamic stability at reduced costs. Surgical patients per se have an increased risk of bleeding. Regional citrate anticoagulation is a new and effective mode of anticoagulation which significantly reduces bleeding risk and transfusion requirements.
Conclusion
Data from a recent meta-analysis show that, in surgical patients, mortality is reduced when renal replacement therapy is started early. In certain surgical diseases, i.e. acute occlusive disease of the abdominal aorta (Leriche’s syndrome) following surgical reperfusion, patients are at risk of severe metabolic acidosis and life-threatening hyperkalemia. In such cases, intraoperative dialysis using a mobile batch system can help to avoid these complications by delivering an effective dialysis therapy at the time of reperfusion.
Literatur
Alsabbagh MM, Asmar A, Ejaz NI et al (2013) Update on clinical trials for the prevention of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Am J Surg 206:86–95
Bagshaw SM, Berthiaume LR, Delaney A et al (2008) Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 36:610–617
Brienza N, Giglio MT, Marucci M (2010) Preventing acute kidney injury after noncardiac surgery. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:353–358
Brienza N, Giglio MT, Marucci M et al (2009) Does perioperative hemodynamic optimization protect renal function in surgical patients? A meta-analytic study. Crit Care Med 37:2079–2090
Chen CY, Lin YR, Zhao LL et al (2013) Clinical factors in predicting acute renal failure caused by rhabdomyolysis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 31:1062–1066
Coca SG, Garg AX, Swaminathan M et al (2013) Preoperative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker use and acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:2787–2799
Endre ZH, Pickering JW, Walker RJ (2011) Clearance and beyond: the complementary roles of GFR measurement and injury biomarkers in acute kidney injury (AKI). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 301:F697–F707
Fliser D, Kielstein JT (2006) Technology insight: treatment of renal failure in the intensive care unit with extended dialysis. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2:32–39
Gammelager H, Christiansen CF, Johansen MB et al (2013) Five-year risk of end-stage renal disease among intensive care patients surviving dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury: a nationwide cohort study. Crit Care 17:R145
Harirforoosh S, Jamali F (2009) Renal adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 8:669–681
Heyne N, Guthoff M, Krieger J et al (2012) High cut-off renal replacement therapy for removal of myoglobin in severe rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury: a case series. Nephron Clin Pract 121:c159–c164
Hopf HB, Hochscherf M, Jehmlich M et al (2007) Mobile single-pass batch hemodialysis system in intensive care medicine-reduction of costs and workload in renal replacement therapy. Anaesthesist 56:686–690
Kalb R, Kram R, Morgera S et al (2013) Regional citrate anticoagulation for high volume continuous venovenous hemodialysis in surgical patients with high bleeding risk. Ther Apher Dial 17:202–212
Karvellas CJ, Farhat MR, Sajjad I et al (2011) A comparison of early versus late initiation of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 15:R72
Mooney JF, Ranasinghe I, Chow CK et al (2013) Preoperative estimates of glomerular filtration rate as predictors of outcome after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 118:809–824
Morgera S, Scholle C, Melzer C et al (2004) A simple, safe and effective citrate anticoagulation protocol for the genius dialysis system in acute renal failure. Nephron Clin Pract 98:c35–c40
Myburgh JA, Mythen MG (2013) Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med 369:1243–1251
Ostermann M, Dickie H, Barrett NA (2012) Renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury – when to start. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:2242–2248
Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Ostermann M (2012) Bench-to-bedside review: citrate for continuous renal replacement therapy, from science to practice. Crit Care 16:249
Outcomes KDIG (2012) KDIGO practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2:1–124
Prowle JR, Echeverri JE, Ligabo EV et al (2010) Fluid balance and acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 6:107–115
Rehm M (2013) Limited applications for hydroxyethyl starch: background and alternative concepts. Anaesthesist 62:644–655
Saner FH, Treckmann JW, Geis A et al (2012) Efficacy and safety of regional citrate anticoagulation in liver transplant patients requiring post-operative renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:1651–1657
Schefold JC, Von Haehling S, Pschowski R et al (2014) The effect of continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy on the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure (CONVINT): a prospective randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 18:R11
Schneider M, Thomas K, Liefeldt L et al (2007) Efficacy and safety of intermittent hemodialysis using citrate as anticoagulant: a prospective study. Clin Nephrol 68:302–307
Shlipak MG, Matsushita K, Arnlov J et al (2013) Cystatin C versus creatinine in determining risk based on kidney function. N Engl J Med 369:932–943
Singbartl K, Kellum JA (2012) AKI in the ICU: definition, epidemiology, risk stratification, and outcomes. Kidney Int 81:819–825
Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T et al (2006) Assessing kidney function – measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 354:2473–2483
Thielmann M, Kottenberg E, Kleinbongard P et al (2013) Cardioprotective and prognostic effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a single-centre randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 382:597–604
Thoma A (2013) Pathophysiology and management of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated refractory hypotension during the perioperative period. Aana J 81:133–140
Van Der Hoven B, Van Der Spoel JI, Scheffer GJ et al (1998) Intraoperative continuous hemofiltration for metabolic management in acute aortoiliac occlusion. J Clin Anesth 10:599–602
Verma H, Baliga K, George RK et al (2013) Surgical and endovascular treatment of occlusive aortic syndromes. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 54:55–69
Walsh M, Devereaux PJ, Garg AX et al (2013) Relationship between intraoperative mean arterial pressure and clinical outcomes after noncardiac surgery: toward an empirical definition of hypotension. Anesthesiology 119:507–515
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C et al (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308:1566–1572
Zimmerman RF, Ezeanuna PU, Kane JC et al (2011) Ischemic preconditioning at a remote site prevents acute kidney injury in patients following cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 80:861–867
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. D. Kindgen-Milles erhielt Vortragshonorare von den Firmen Gambro-Hospal und Fresenius Medical Care sowie Forschungsunterstützung von Fresenius Medical Care.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kindgen-Milles, D. Akute Nierenfunktionsstörung im perioperativen Umfeld. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 109, 324–330 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-014-0348-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-014-0348-1