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Amyloid cardiomyopathy

Kardiale Manifestation bei Amyloidosen

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Abstract

Cardiac amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils in many different organs finally resulting in organ failure. Cardiac involvement is common for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) or transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR); the latter is caused by a transthyretin gene variant or wild-type protein. Precise diagnostic assessment including laboratory tests, electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, and/or bone scintigraphy is mandatory for definition of the amyloid type and finally for treatment initiation. Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis includes symptomatic therapy of heart failure as well as the underlying disease. Causative treatment of AL amyloidosis is according to regimens used for multiple myeloma. For many years, orthotopic liver transplantation was the only treatment available for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis, but important advances have been made after approval of a novel class of medication, namely, RNA silencers. However, currently no treatment is available to remove amyloid deposited in the tissue. Thus, early diagnosis is still critical to afford the best efficacy of available therapies.

Zusammenfassung

Die kardiale Amyloidose ist eine heterogene Gruppe von Krankheiten, die durch eine extrazelluläre Ablagerung von Amyloidfibrillen in vielen verschiedenen Organen gekennzeichnet ist und letztendlich zum Organversagen führt. Eine kardiale Beteiligung liegt häufig bei der Immunglobulin-Leichtketten-Amyloidose (AL) oder Transthyretin-Amyloidose (ATTR) vor. Letztere kann durch eine Transthyretin-Genvariante verursacht werden oder auch ohne Genvariante vorliegen. Eine genaue diagnostische Beurteilung, einschließlich Labortests, EKG, Echokardiographie, Magnetresonanztomographie des Herzens, Biopsie und/oder Knochenszintigraphie, ist für die Definition des Amyloidtyps und den Beginn der spezifischen Behandlung erforderlich. Die Behandlung der Herzamyloidose umfasst neben einer symptomatischen Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz auch die Therapie der Grunderkrankung. Die kausale Behandlung der AL-Amyloidose erfolgt nach den beim multiplen Myelom angewendeten Behandlungsschemata. Eine orthotope Lebertransplantation galt jahrelang die einzige verfügbare Behandlung für die hereditäre ATTR-Amyloidose. Durch die Zulassung einer neuen Medikamentenklasse, nämlich der RNA-Silencer, wurden wesentliche Fortschritte für die medikamentöse Behandlung der Patienten mit hereditärer ATTR-Amyloidose erzielt. Weiterhin ist jedoch keine Behandlung verfügbar, um im Gewebe abgelagertes Amyloid zu entfernen. Daher ist eine frühzeitige Diagnose immer noch von entscheidender Bedeutung, um die beste Wirksamkeit der verfügbaren Therapien zu erzielen.

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Correspondence to Arnt V. Kristen.

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Conflict of interest

A.V. Kristen points out the following relationships. AlnylamPharmaceuticals: study investigator (APOLLO, APOLLO OLE, ENDEAVOUR, HELIOS-A, HELIOS-B), advisory boards, travel support, honoraria. AkceaTherapeutics: travel support, honoraria, advisory boards. IONIS Pharmaceuticals: study investigator (NEURO-TTR), advisory board. PfizerInc./Pharma GmbH: study investigator (THAOS registry, ATTR-ACT, ATTR-ACT OLE), research support (ASPIRE 2015), member of THAOS Scientific Board and advisory boards, travel support, honoraria.

For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.

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Kristen, A.V. Amyloid cardiomyopathy. Herz 45, 267–271 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-020-04904-4

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