Zusammenfassung
Das Syndrom „Herzinsuffizienz“ (HI) ist eine häufige Erkrankung in den westlichen Ländern. Mindestens die Hälfte aller HI-Patienten leidet an einer HI mit erhaltener linksventrikulärer (LV-) Ejektionsfraktion („heart failure with preserved ejection fraction“, HFpEF). Dieser relative Anteil steigt seit Jahren kontinuierlich an, sodass zumindest ein Anteil der Beobachtung, dass die aktuell verzeichnete Inzidenz der HI die berechneten Erwartungen deutlich übersteigt, hierdurch erklärt werden kann. Viele Faktoren wie zunehmendes Alter in der Bevölkerung und die auch hierdurch bedingte Änderung des kardiovaskulären Risikoprofils sind ebenfalls verantwortlich. Patienten mit HI leiden neben einer eingeschränkten Belastbarkeit und Lebensqualität besonders unter rezidivierenden Krankenhauseinweisungen, welche ebenfalls in den letzten Jahren zugenommen haben. Zudem weisen Patienten mit HFrEF („heart failure with reduced ejection fraction“) und HFpEF eine reduzierte Prognose auf. Besonders bei Patienten, bei denen eine Krankenhauseinweisung durch die HI notwendig war, ist die Prognose vergleichbar schlecht. Allerdings kann in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein Trend zur Verbesserung der Prognose bei HFrEF beobachtet werden, was durch die verbesserten Therapiestrategien erklärt werden kann. Ein solcher Trend fehlt bei HFpEF vollkommen, da hier keine prognostisch relevanten Therapien etabliert sind. Das Krankheitsbild der HI ist aufgrund der beschriebenen epidemiologischen Entwicklungen auch in Zukunft von großer und vor allem wachsender sozioökonomischer Bedeutung. Besonders die Entwicklung neuer Therapiestrategien zur weiteren Verbesserung der Prognose bei HFrEF, aber auch die erstmalige Durchführung von prognostisch erfolgreichen Studien bei HFpEF wird in Zukunft eine andauernde Herausforderung darstellen.
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major and growing health problem in western communities. Recent data indicate that more than 50% of patients with the clinical syndrome of HF have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HF with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF). In contrast to the calculated expectations, the observed incidence of HF is rising. Despite the fact that the relative proportion of patients with preserved left ventricular function is also increasing, other factors, such as ageing of the population and the concomitant change of compound risk factors may also contribute to the actual rise in the incidence of HF. Patients with HF suffer from reduced exercise capacity, impaired quality of life and also from recurrent hospitalization due to HF. Over the past decades, an increase of recurrent HF events has been documented. In contrast to earlier reports in which HFpEF was considered to be more benign than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), recent data suggest that once hospitalized for HF, patients with HFpEF and those with HFrEF have a comparable prognosis in terms of morbidity and mortality. Despite increasing clinical and economic relevance, no treatment has yet been shown to convincingly reduce mortality in HFpEF. In contrast, strategies for improving survival have now been established for HFrEF. The problem of HF will continue to be major challenge for the healthcare systems in western communities; therefore, consolidated clinical research is necessary to further improve therapeutic strategies for HFrEF and to generally establish treatment options for HFpEF.
Literatur
McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD et al (2012) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 33:1787–1847
Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH et al (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation 112:e154–e235
Eriksson H, Svardsudd K, Larsson B et al (1989) Risk factors for heart failure in the general population: the study of men born in 1913. Eur Heart J 10:647–656
Kannel WB, Ho K, Thom T (1994) Changing epidemiological features of cardiac failure. Eur Heart J 72(Suppl 3):S3–S9
Bui AL, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC (2011) Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 8:30–41
Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al (2010) Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121:e46–e215
Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJ et al (1999) Incidence and aetiology of heart failure, a population-based study. Eur Heart J 20:421–428
De GF, Khaw KT, Cowie MR et al (2005) Incidence and outcome of persons with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure in a general practice population of 696,884 in the United Kingdom. Eur J Heart Fail 7:295–302
Murphy NF, Simpson CR, McAlister FA et al (2004) National survey of the prevalence, incidence, primary care burden, and treatment of heart failure in Scotland. Heart 90:1129–1136
Lam CS, Donal E, Kraigher-Krainer E, Vasan RS (2011) Epidemiology and clinical course of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 13:18–28
Parameshwar J, Shackell MM, Richardson A et al (1992) Prevalence of heart failure in three general practices in north west London. Br J Gen Pract 42:287–289
Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC et al (2004) Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 25:1614–1619
Cleland JG, Khand A, Clark A (2001) The heart failure epidemic: exactly how big is it? Eur Heart J 22:623–626
Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM et al (2006) Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 355:251–259
Kraigher-Krainer E, Lyass A, Massaro JM et al (2013) Association of physical activity and heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction in the elderly: the Framingham Heart Study. Eur J Heart Fail 15:742–746
Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Smith G et al (2003) Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:217–223
Martínez-Sellés M, García Robles JA, Prieto L et al (2002) Annual rates of admission and seasonal variations in hospitalizations for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 4:779–786
O’Mahony MS, Sim MF, Ho SF et al (2003) Diastolic heart failure in older people. Age Ageing 32:519–524
Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR et al (2003) Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada and the United States. JAMA 289:2363–2369
Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS et al (1996) The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 275:1557–1562
De Simone G, Gottdiener JS, Chinali M, Maurer MS (2008) Left ventricular mass predicts heart failure not related to previous myocardial infarction: The Cardiovascular Health study. Eur Heart J 29:741–747
Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ et al (2007) Cardiac structure and ventricular-vascular function in persons with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation 115:1982–1990
Edelmann F, Stahrenberg R, Gelbrich G et al (2011) Contribution of comorbidities to functional impairment is higher in heart failure with preserved than with reduced ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol 100:755–764
Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS et al (2001) Glycemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. Circulation 103:2668–2673
Piccini JP, Klein L, Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO (2004) New insights into diastolic heart failure: role of diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 116(Suppl 5A):64S–75S
Konduracka E, Gackowski A, Rostoff P et al (2007) Diabetes-specific cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus: no evidence for its occurrence in the era of intensive insulin therapy. Eur Heart J 28:2465–2471
Heerebeek L van, Hamdani N, Handoko ML et al (2008) Diastolic stiffness of the failing diabetic heart: importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation end products, and myocyte resting tension. Circulation 117:43–51
Klapholz M, Maurer M, Lowe AM et al (2004) Hospitalization for heart failure in the presence of a normal left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the New York Heart Failure Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1432–1438
Lam CS, Lyass A, Kraigher-Krainer E et al (2011) Cardiac dysfunction and noncardiac dysfunction as precursors of heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction in the community. Circulation 124:24–30
Braunschweig F, Cowie MR, Auricchio A (2011) What are the costs of heart failure? Europace 13(Suppl 2):ii13–ii17
Fang J, Mensah GA, Croft JB, Keenan NL (2008) Heart failure-related hospitalization in the U.S., 1979 to 2004. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:428–434
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ et al (1999) Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and mortality in a population-based cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1948–1955
Ahmed A, Perry GJ, Fleg JL et al (2006) Outcomes in ambulatory chronic systolic and diastolic heart failure: a propensity score analysis. Am Heart J 152:956–966
Tarantini L, Faggiano P, Senni M et al (2002) Clinical features and prognosis associated with a preserved left ventricular systolic function in a large cohort of congestive heart failure outpatients managed by cardiologists. Data from the Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure. Ital Heart J 3:656–664
Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT et al (2005) Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure. Classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA 293:572–580
Aurigemma GP, Gaasch WH (2004) Diastolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 351:1097–1105
Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J (2004) Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function; epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:317–327
Bursi F, Weston SA, Redfield MM et al (2006) Systolic and diastolic heart failure in the community. JAMA 296:2209–2216
Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS et al (2006) Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population based study. N Engl J Med 355:260–269
McCullough PA, Khandelwal AK, McKinnon JE et al (2005) Outcomes and prognostic factors of systolic as compared with diastolic heart failure in urban America. Congest Heart Fail 11:6–11
Varadarajan P, Pai RG (2003) Prognosis of congestive heart failure in patients with normal versus reduced ejection fractions: results from a cohort of 2,258 hospitalized patients. J Card Fail 9:107–112
Henkel DM, Redfield MM, Weston SA et al (2008) Death in heart failure: a community perspective. Circ Heart Fail 1:91–97
Owan TE, Redfield MM (2005) Epidemiology of diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 47:320–332
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. Keine Angaben.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Edelmann, F. Epidemiologie und Prognose der Herzinsuffizienz. Herz 40, 176–184 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-015-4215-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-015-4215-5
Schlüsselwörter
- Herzinsuffizienz
- Linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion
- Kardiovaskuläres Risikoprofil
- Epidemiologie
- Prognose