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Epidemiologie und Prognose der Herzinsuffizienz

Epidemiology and prognosis of heart failure

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Zusammenfassung

Das Syndrom „Herzinsuffizienz“ (HI) ist eine häufige Erkrankung in den westlichen Ländern. Mindestens die Hälfte aller HI-Patienten leidet an einer HI mit erhaltener linksventrikulärer (LV-) Ejektionsfraktion („heart failure with preserved ejection fraction“, HFpEF). Dieser relative Anteil steigt seit Jahren kontinuierlich an, sodass zumindest ein Anteil der Beobachtung, dass die aktuell verzeichnete Inzidenz der HI die berechneten Erwartungen deutlich übersteigt, hierdurch erklärt werden kann. Viele Faktoren wie zunehmendes Alter in der Bevölkerung und die auch hierdurch bedingte Änderung des kardiovaskulären Risikoprofils sind ebenfalls verantwortlich. Patienten mit HI leiden neben einer eingeschränkten Belastbarkeit und Lebensqualität besonders unter rezidivierenden Krankenhauseinweisungen, welche ebenfalls in den letzten Jahren zugenommen haben. Zudem weisen Patienten mit HFrEF („heart failure with reduced ejection fraction“) und HFpEF eine reduzierte Prognose auf. Besonders bei Patienten, bei denen eine Krankenhauseinweisung durch die HI notwendig war, ist die Prognose vergleichbar schlecht. Allerdings kann in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein Trend zur Verbesserung der Prognose bei HFrEF beobachtet werden, was durch die verbesserten Therapiestrategien erklärt werden kann. Ein solcher Trend fehlt bei HFpEF vollkommen, da hier keine prognostisch relevanten Therapien etabliert sind. Das Krankheitsbild der HI ist aufgrund der beschriebenen epidemiologischen Entwicklungen auch in Zukunft von großer und vor allem wachsender sozioökonomischer Bedeutung. Besonders die Entwicklung neuer Therapiestrategien zur weiteren Verbesserung der Prognose bei HFrEF, aber auch die erstmalige Durchführung von prognostisch erfolgreichen Studien bei HFpEF wird in Zukunft eine andauernde Herausforderung darstellen.

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a major and growing health problem in western communities. Recent data indicate that more than 50% of patients with the clinical syndrome of HF have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HF with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF). In contrast to the calculated expectations, the observed incidence of HF is rising. Despite the fact that the relative proportion of patients with preserved left ventricular function is also increasing, other factors, such as ageing of the population and the concomitant change of compound risk factors may also contribute to the actual rise in the incidence of HF. Patients with HF suffer from reduced exercise capacity, impaired quality of life and also from recurrent hospitalization due to HF. Over the past decades, an increase of recurrent HF events has been documented. In contrast to earlier reports in which HFpEF was considered to be more benign than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), recent data suggest that once hospitalized for HF, patients with HFpEF and those with HFrEF have a comparable prognosis in terms of morbidity and mortality. Despite increasing clinical and economic relevance, no treatment has yet been shown to convincingly reduce mortality in HFpEF. In contrast, strategies for improving survival have now been established for HFrEF. The problem of HF will continue to be major challenge for the healthcare systems in western communities; therefore, consolidated clinical research is necessary to further improve therapeutic strategies for HFrEF and to generally establish treatment options for HFpEF.

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Edelmann, F. Epidemiologie und Prognose der Herzinsuffizienz. Herz 40, 176–184 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-015-4215-5

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