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Ersatz der Harnblase

Bladder replacement

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
coloproctology Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Blasenersatzoperationen sollen durch möglichst vollständigen Funktionserhalt des verlorengegangenen Organs die Lebensqualität des Patienten optimieren. Ersatzblasen aus Darm haben die Aufgabe, Urin sicher zu speichern und an einem frei gewählten Ort zu selbstbestimmter Zeit wieder vollständig zu entleeren. Der Schutz des oberen Harntrakts erfordert ein Niederdruckreservoir von ausreichender Kapazität, der Schutz der Verdauungsfunktion hingegen den ressourcenschonenden Umgang mit den Blasenersatzmaterialien. Detubularisierung und Rekonfiguration wirken unabhängig vom verwendeten Darmsegment kapazitätssteigernd und inhibieren gleichzeitig die nächtliche Peristaltik der ausgeschalteten Darmschlingen zur Kontinenzverbesserung. Der Anschluss des Niederdruckreservoirs an die Außenwelt kann urethral, kutan oder anal erfolgen. Alle Darmanteile mit Ausnahme des Duodenums sind prinzipiell zur Blasenersatzoperation geeignet und wurden auch schon verwendet. Repräsentative Beispiele für verschiedene verwendete Darmabschnitte, unterschiedliche Anschlusswege und Techniken zur Gestaltung der afferenten und efferenten Neoblasensegmente werden beschrieben und mit ihren Vor- und Nachteilen diskutiert. Der merkliche weltweite Rückgang der Blasenersatzoperationen seit etwa 20 Jahren liegt in der Altersstruktur der Zystektomiepatienten, dem Wegbrechen der benignen Harnableitungsindikationen und der großen Anpassungsfähigkeit des Menschen (Well-being-Paradox) begründet. Der daraus resultierende Expertiseverlust wird zukünftig das Therapiespektrum selbst an Zentren und die Möglichkeiten der patientenindividualisierten Harnableitungswahl empfindlich einschränken.

Abstract

Surgery for bladder replacement should aim to optimize the quality of life in cystectomy patients by preserving as many functions of the lost organ as possible. This means that intestinal neobladders have to ensure safe storage and self-determined efficient emptying at any place or time. Mandatory protection of the upper urinary tract requires low pressure reservoirs with sufficient capacity, whereas preservation of appropriate enteral digestion demands responsible resource-sparing utilization of bladder replacement material. Detubularization and reconfiguration are the principles that increase pouch capacity independently of the intestinal segment used and simultaneously inhibit nocturnal peristalsis of the intestinal segment for improvement of continence. Connection of the low pressure neobladder to the external environment can be accomplished urethrally, cutaneously or anally. Literally all segments of the gut with the exception of the duodenum are principally suitable for neobladder construction and have already been used. Representative examples of different intestinal segments used, different connection routes and different techniques for construction of the afferent and efferent neobladder segments are described and discussed with respect to the advantages and disadvantages. Decreasing numbers of continent urinary diversions worldwide during the last 20 years can be explained by the steadily increasing age of cystectomy patients, the breaking away from benign indications for bladder replacement and the amazing adaptability of man (well-being paradox). Hence, the resulting loss of expertise will soon restrict the therapy spectrum even in centers and limit the possibilities for individualized patient choice for urine diversion.

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Correspondence to C. Hampel.

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Hampel, C. Ersatz der Harnblase. coloproctology 40, 435–444 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00053-018-0309-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00053-018-0309-x

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