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Beamforming Techniques for MIMO-NOMA for 5G and Beyond 5G: Research Gaps and Future Directions

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Abstract

Effective sharing of the communication channel among many users, or multiple access (MA) techniques, can play a vital role in meeting the diverse demands of low latency, high reliability, massive connectivity, better fairness, and high throughput. In this context, non-orthogonal multiple access with multiple antennas, also known as multiple-input, multiple-output NOMA (MIMO-NOMA), is a promising enabling technology for fifth-generation (5G) and beyond (5G) wireless networks. The proper design of beamforming systems is one of the major difficulties in developing MIMO-NOMA. There are various ways to design beamforming for MIMO-NOMA in the literature. However, there is not much work dedicated to the survey focusing only on beamforming design in MIMO-NOMA systems. This work presents a comprehensive overview of beamforming methods in MIMO-NOMA for 5G and B5G. These strategies are classified in detail and have varied attributes, benefits, and drawbacks. As a result, future research gaps are also highlighted. Moreover, a simulation study is presented as a case study on the impact of random beamforming in various scenarios of heterogeneous environments with small and macro-cells. For this purpose, users’ outage probability is simulated with various types of interference in the heterogeneous systems, including inter-cluster, cross-tier, and co-tier interferences. This analysis also helps to contrast the performance of small and macro-cells. Finally, future research directions are discussed for beamforming in MIMO-NOMA for 5G and B5G.

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Acknowledgements

The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, has funded this project, under Grant No. (KEP-MSc: 63-135-1443).

Funding

The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, has funded this project, under grant no. (KEP-MSc: 63-135-1443).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University, Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Karachi, 74600, Pakistan

    Sadiq Ur Rehman & Anwaar Manzar

  2. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Usman Institute of Technology University (UITU), ST-13, Block-7, Gushan-e-Iqbal, Abu-Hasan Isphahani Road, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan

    Jawwad Ahmad

  3. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Moinuddin

  4. Center of Excellence in Intelligent Engineering Systems (CEIES), King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Moinuddin

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  1. Sadiq Ur Rehman
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Rehman, S.U., Ahmad, J., Manzar, A. et al. Beamforming Techniques for MIMO-NOMA for 5G and Beyond 5G: Research Gaps and Future Directions. Circuits Syst Signal Process 43, 1518–1548 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-023-02517-w

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