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Starch phosphorylation: insights and perspectives

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Abstract

During starch metabolism, the phosphorylation of glucosyl residues of starch, to be more precise of amylopectin, is a repeatedly observed process. This phosphorylation is mediated by dikinases, the glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and the phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD). The starch-related dikinases utilize ATP as dual phosphate donor transferring the terminal γ-phosphate group to water and the β-phosphate group selectively to either C6 position or C3 position of a glucosyl residue within amylopectin. By the collaborative action of both enzymes, the initiation of a transition of α-glucans from highly ordered, water-insoluble state to a less order state is realized and thus the initial process of starch degradation. Consequently, mutants lacking either GWD or PWD reveal a starch excess phenotype as well as growth retardation. In this review, we focus on the increased knowledge collected over the last years related to enzymatic properties, the precise definition of the substrates, the physiological implications, and discuss ongoing questions.

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Abbreviations

AMY:

α-Amylase

BAM, BMY:

β-Amylase

BE:

Starch branching enzyme

CBM:

Carbohydrate-binding module

CLD:

Chain length distribution

DBE:

Starch debranching enzyme

G3P:

Glucose-3 phosphate

G6P:

Glucose-6 phosphate

GWD:

Glucan, water dikinase

ISA:

Iso-amylase

LDA:

Limit dextrinase

LSF:

Starch-related phosphatase Like-Sex-Four

MDcryst :

Crystalline maltodextrin

PHS:

Glucan phosphorylase

PWD:

Phosphoglucan, water dikinase

SBD:

Starch-binding domain

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

sex1 :

Starch excess1 mutant

SEX4:

Starch-related phosphatase 4

SS:

Starch synthase

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Grant FE 1030/1-1). The authors are grateful to Irina Malinova for help during preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany

    Sebastian Mahlow, Sławomir Orzechowski & Joerg Fettke

  2. Institute of General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743, Jena, Germany

    Sebastian Mahlow

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland

    Sławomir Orzechowski & Joerg Fettke

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  1. Sebastian Mahlow
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  2. Sławomir Orzechowski
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  3. Joerg Fettke
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Correspondence to Joerg Fettke.

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Mahlow, S., Orzechowski, S. & Fettke, J. Starch phosphorylation: insights and perspectives. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 2753–2764 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2248-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2248-4

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