Counting the number of master integrals for sunrise diagrams via the Mellin-Barnes representation

A number of irreducible master integrals for L-loop sunrise and bubble Feynman diagrams with generic values of masses and external momenta are explicitly evaluated via the Mellin-Barnes representation.


Introduction
The sunrise or watermelon diagram (see figure 1) is one of the simplest Feynman diagrams which have been studied by the physics community as well as by mathematicians over the past fifty years . This diagram has a few different representations. Within dimensional regularization [1] in momentum space, it is defined as where α j are positive integers, M 2 j and p 2 are some (in general, complex) parameters, and n is a (in general, non-integer) parameter of dimensional regularization. The parametric representation of this diagram has the following form: 1 where F and U are Symanzik polynomials [24] and α = L+1 j=1 α j . Using the coordinate representation of the Feynman propagator and integrating over the angle, it is easy to get [6]  a one-fold integral representation of this diagram (for details, see refs. [16,17] and appendix B). Applying the algorithm of ref. [25], a Mellin-Barnes integral representation [26] for the sunrise diagram can be deduced [10] (see eq. (4.1)).
The aim of the present paper is to extend the approach described in refs. [27,28] to the multivariable case with reducible monodromy. As an illustration, the number of irreducible master integrals of the L-loop sunrise diagram is evaluated. In appendix A, the generalized sunrise diagram is considered. The application of our analysis to integrals including products of Bessel functions is discussed in appendix B.

Mellin-Barnes integral versus Horn hypergeometric function
Let us consider the function Φ defined through a K-fold Mellin-Barnes integral, where t = K j=1 t j and {z a } = (z 1 , z 2 , · · · , z K ) . This function depends on K + 2 discrete parameters A, B, and {C j } = (C 1 , · · · , C K ) and K variables z 1 , · · · , z K . Let us briefly recall some basic steps of the differential-reduction procedure [29] applied to the Mellin-Barnes integral. The differential contiguous relations for the function Φ follow directly from the Mellin- Barnes  where θ j = z j d dz j , j = 1, · · · , K.
We denote the set of differential operators on the r.h.s. of eq. (2.2) as B + C j ,A,B . A linear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) for the function Φ can be derived in two steps. in the first step, we define the polynomials P and Q as In the second step, we set up the corresponding system of PDEs, where, for simplicity, we have introduced the short-hand notation: Φ ≡ Φ(A, B; {C k }; {z k }).
For the function under consideration, we have To get the full system of PDEs for the function Φ, a prolongation procedure should be applied [30,31], which consists in applying new derivatives to the system of PDEs, so that the system of PDEs in eq. (2.3b) can be written in a Pfaffian form: 2 where the matrix Ω only depends on the values of the parameters and the singular locus of the system of PDEs, and the vector function φ is defined as (Φ, θ i Φ, θ ij Φ, · · · , θ j 1 ,j 2 ,··· ,jm Φ). The rank r of the matrix Ω at the point z 0 (in our case, z 0 = z 0 = 0) in eq. (2.4) is equal to the number of independent solutions of the full system of PDEs. According to the algorithm described in ref. [29], the differential operators b − j inverse to the operators defined by eq. (2.2) can be constructed so that The operators b − a are defined 3 modulo the full system of PDEs. The differential reduction has the form of a product of several operators b − i and B + j . In symbolic form, this can be 2 The condition of complete integrability is valid. 3 Due to the differential relation

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written as (2.5) where I is a set of integers, {A, B, {C j }} is a set of parameters, and Q i are some rational functions of {z i } and A, B, {C j }.
The fundamental system of solutions of eq. (2.3b) is expressible in terms of the Lauricella [30] function F (K) C of K variables and include the following functions (see, for example, eq. (13) in ref. [30] or eq. (19) in ref. [32]): with (a) k = Γ(a + k)/Γ(a) being the Pochhammer symbol. Any particular solution of the system defined by eq. (2.3b) about the points z i = 0 for a generic set of parameters is a linear combination of solutions defined by eq. (2.6) with undetermined coefficients. To fix these coefficients, it is necessary to evaluate the Mellin-Barnes integral as a power series solution [33]. In particular, under the condition that the monodromy is irreducible (see eq. (2.9b)), the following representation is valid (see ref. [25] for details): 4 The interrelations between Mellin-Barnes integrals and multiple residues were discussed in refs. [34][35][36].

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We wish to point out that, for the sunrise diagram, the last term in eq. (2.8) is proportional to 1/Γ(0) and so equal to zero. 5 The holonomic 6 rank 7 of the system of PDEs in eq. (2.3b) for a generic set of parameters {A, B, C j } is equal to 2 K [30] (see also refs. [38][39][40][41][42][43]). However, if the parameters A, B, {C i } satisfy certain linear relations, then additional differential operators are generated, so that Puiseux-type solutions appear. The main questions are how to find such linear relations between the parameters and how to define a minimal set of the additional PDEs. Our approach [27,28] to these problems is based on studying the inverse differential operators: the exceptional case of parameters, where the dimension of the solution space is reduced, corresponds to the condition that the denominators of the functions Q i entering eq. (2.5) are equal to zero for arbitrary values of z i [44][45][46]. The same recipe works in its application to Mellin-Barnes integrals [33], which can be treated as a particular case of the Gelfand-Kapranov-Zelevinsky (GKZ) hypergeometric system [47,48]. However, the inverse differential operators have a very complicated structure (see, for example, ref. [43]), which gives rise to technical problems in the analysis of the number of independent PDEs.
Fortunately, there is a simpler way [33,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]) to find the conditions of reducibility and to define the dimension of the (ir)reducible subspace of solutions. In our case, the 5 Another example of such a cancellation was presented in ref. [37]. 6 We adopt the following definition of holonomic function [29]: a function is called holonomic if it satisfies a system of linear differential equations with polynomial coefficients whose solutions form a finite-dimensional vector space. 7 The dimension of the space of solutions of a system of PDEs near some generic point is called holonomic rank.

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system of PDEs is irreducible if (for details, see section 3) (2.10) In this case, we have The system of PDEs for the function Ψ is irreducible if where S 1 and S 2 are any subsets of {C j }. The solution of eq. (2.11b) for a generic set of parameters about the points z i = 0 can be written as linear combination of Lauricella functions F (K) C of K variables. For completeness, we present it here: 8 This set of parameters complies with the condition that the monodromy group of the Lauricella function FC is reducible [38]. For recent results on the evaluation of the monodromy of the GKZ system, see refs. [49][50][51][52][53].
Here, we present a short algebraic deviation of the condition in eq. (2.9) for the system of PDEs related to the Mellin-Barnes integral in eq. (2.1) to be irreducible and count the dimension of the invariant subspace of the differential contiguous operators defined by eqs. (2.2b) and (2.2c). We follow an idea presented in refs. [54,55] (see also refs. [56][57][58]). Let Φ be the set of solutions for the system of linear differential operators L Φ j defined by eq. (2.3b) as where {I a } are a set of integers. If the monodromy is reducible, then there is a monodromy-invariant subspace (invariant under the action of the monodromy) in the space of solutions. In this case, the contiguous differential operators B + A,B,C j have a nontrivial kernel, and it is necessary to evaluate their dimension.
Let us consider the equation B + A Φ = 0, where B + A is defined by eq. (2.2b). Then, the system of equations defined by eq. (2.3b) reduces to

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If all C j / ∈ Z, which is true for the considered Feynman diagrams, then the solution Φ 0 of eq. (3.1) has the following form: Applying the operator B + A to the function Φ 0 , we get where c i , c i,j , . . . ,c i are some constants. As follows from eq. (3.3), B + A Φ = 0 if and only if A + S C p = 0, where S are any subsets of {C j }. In this way, under the conditions that there is an invariant subspace of dimension K for the operator B + A . A similar consideration can also be made for the operator B + B defined by eq. (2.2c). In particular, it is easy to show that, under the conditions that • C a / ∈ Z , ∀a = 1, · · · , K, there is a one-dimensional invariant subspace. Collecting the previous results, we get the following lemma: Under the conditions that • C a / ∈ Z , ∀a = 1, · · · , K, there is a (K + 1)-dimensional invariant subspace (of Puiseux-type solutions) in the space of solutions of the linear PDEs defined by eq. (2.3b), and the dimension of the space of nontrivial solutions is equal to A similar consideration can also be made for the function Ψ in eq. (2.10).
In the application to the Lauricella function F C (a, b; {c j }; z) of K variables, our analysis is equivalent to the following lemma: Lemma F: Under the conditions that there is a (K + 1)-dimensional invariant subspace (of Puiseux-type solutions) so that the dimension of the space of nontrivial solutions is equal to 5) and the differential reduction applied to the hypergeometric function F of K variables has the following form: where I is a set of integers, Q j are some rational functions, P j ( z) denote the Puiseux-type solutions, and θ p means θ i 1 ,i 2 ,··· ,ip The number of symmetric derivatives θ i 1 ,i 2 ,··· ,im , where i 1 < i 2 < · · · < i m , is equal to K! m!(K−m)! , and the number of terms entering the reduction procedure of eq. (3.6) is equal to , which coincides with eq. (3.5). Consequently, the highest differential operators, namely, one operator of order K, θ i 1 ,i 2 ,··· ,i K , and K operators of order K − 1, θ i 1 ,i 2 ,··· ,i K−1 , are expressible in terms of low-dimensional differential operators.
Remark A: as follows from eq. (3.3), for a special set of parameters, the K + 1 Puiseuxtype solutions have the following form: K solutions are of the type 1/z Ca a × K j=1 z C j j , and one solution is Remark B : for sunrise and bubble diagrams, each term of the hypergeometric representation in eqs. (2.8) and (2.13) satisfies the conditions of Lemma F, so that the dimension of the space of nontrivial solutions of each term is defined by eq. (3.5) and the differential reduction of each term is described by eq. (3.6).

JHEP07(2017)031 4 L-loop sunrise diagram
The Mellin-Barnes representation for the Feynman diagram defined by eq. (1.1) follows from the algorithm presented in ref. [25] (see also ref. [10]) and has the following form: α j , L are positive integers, M 2 j and p 2 are some (in general, complex) parameters, and d is a parameter (in general, non-integer) of dimensional regularization [1].
Let us introduce the variables z j = − M 2 j p 2 (j = 1, 2, · · · , L + 1) and define the functions Φ J as After this redefinition, the results of sections 2 and 3 are directly applicable to the analysis of the sunrise diagram. In particular, in the application to the L-loop sunrise diagram, we have . · · · , L + 1 . (4.5) For example, for L = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, we have N J = 1, 4, 11, 26, 57, 120, respectively. 9 As was pointed out in ref. [28], a Puiseux-type solution corresponds to a product of one-loop bubble diagrams.

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The result of the differential reduction can be written in a more familiar form via propagators with dots: the term without derivatives on the r.h.s. of eq. (2.5) corresponds to the diagram itself, whereas terms with derivative(s) θ i Φ correspond to diagrams with dot(s). In the application to the sunrise diagram, we have where we have introduced the short-hand notation Q j are some rational functions, P j ( z) denote the Puiseux-type solutions, and ∂ j means symmetric derivatives with respect to the masses M 2 j , i.e.
and i 1 < i 2 < · · · < i j . Indeed, the number of symmetric derivatives ∂ j in the considered case is equal to (L+1)! j!(L+1−j)! , so that In other words, (i) an L-loop sunrise diagram with two or more derivatives on one of its lines is reducible to a linear combination of sunrise diagrams with no more than one derivative on any of its lines, and (ii) the number of lines with one dot is less or equal to L−1. 10 The latter statement can also be understood as follows: instead of excluding higher-order derivatives, the function (one element) and its first derivatives (L + 1 elements) can be excluded in favor of higher derivatives, and the reduction procedure has the following form: where Q j , Q , Q are some rational functions, P j ( z),P j ( M ),P j ( M ) denote the Puiseux-type solutions, and ∂ j is defined by eq. (4.7). As an illustration of these relations, let us consider some special cases.
The case of integer n requires an extra analysis [63,64].

L-loop sunrise diagram with R massive lines
Let us consider the L-loop sunrise diagram in which only R lines (R ≤ L) have different masses, (4.10) The Mellin-Barnes representation of this diagram is In this case, we have:

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To find the dimension of the invariant subspace, we use the algorithm described in section 3. In this case, it is necessary to find all solutions (all subsets) of the following system of algebraic equations: where S 1 and S 2 are any subsets of 1, . . . , R, and n is non-integer. There is only one solution for the subset S 1 (if R = L), and there is no solution for eq. (4.12b). In this way, among the 2 R solutions, there is only one Puiseux-type solution (if R = L). Then we have the following theorem: The number N J,R of irreducible master integrals of the L-loop sunrise diagram with R massive lines (R ≤ L) is equal to As follows from this relation, the sunrise diagrams with R massive and two or more massless lines are irreducible, and their holonomic ranks near z = 0 coincide with the holonomic ranks of the hypergeometric functions F (R) C with irreducible monodromies. There is a one-dimensional invariant subspace (Puiseux-type solution) if the sunrise diagram has one massless line. 11 If at least one of the values of β j is non-integer, which happens if a massless line is dressed by other massless lines, then the number of irreducible master integrals is equal to 2 R . Example: N 1,1 = 1 ; N 2,2 = 3 , N 2,1 = 2 ; N 3,3 = 7 , N 3,2 = 4 , N 3,1 = 2 .

L-loop bubble diagram
In a similar manner, let us consider the L-loop bubble diagram (see figure 2) defined as where α j are integers. Its Mellin-Barnes representation is where Let us introduce the variables z j = M 2 j M L+1 , j = 1, · · · , K, and define the functions Ψ B as In this case, we have As follows from eq. (3.3), the dimension of the invariant subspace it defined by the number of solutions of the following system of algebraic equations: where S 1 and S 2 are any subsets of 1, . . . , L, and n is non-integer. There is only one solution for the subset S 1 , and there are L solutions for eq. (5.3b). In this case, there are L + 1 Puiseux-type solutions, and the following theorem is valid: The number N B of irreducible master integrals for the L-loop bubble diagram with generic values of masses is equal to For example, for L = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, there are N B = 0, 1, 4, 11, 26, 57 nontrivial master integrals. Let us explain the zero result for L = 1. The one-loop tadpole A 0 is treated as a constant in the framework of the differential algebra (see the discussion in refs. [27,28]).

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Remark 1 : the result in eq. (5.4) can be derived from eq. (4.5) by considering bubble diagrams as sunrise diagrams with external momenta put equal to zero, which effectively reduces the number of independent variables by one.
Remark 2 : in contrast to the sunrise diagram, the reduction for the bubble diagrams with L ≥ 3 does not have a completely symmetric structure with respect to mass derivatives. At the three-loop level, this statement was confirmed in refs. [65][66][67]. In the framework of integration-by-parts (IBP) relations [68,69], there is a so-called {dim} relation (see the discussion in ref. [70]) connecting the diagram in eq. (5.1) without derivatives to a linear combination of diagrams with a first derivative, where e j is the unit vector with unity in the j-th place and we have introduced the shorthand notation B({M 2 L+1 }; 1) ≡ B(M 2 1 , · · · , M 2 L+1 ; 1, · · · , 1) . Remark 3 : let us find out which diagrams form the symmetric set of master integrals for the bubble diagrams with L ≥ 4. It is easy to see that the lists of diagrams are different for even and odd numbers of loops. If L is even, then the symmetric set of master integrals is defined by the following expression: where ∂ j is defined by eq. (4.7). For odd values of L, a similar expression is valid, namely As an illustration of these relations, let us consider some special cases.
• At the five-loop level (L = 5), there are 26 irreducible master integrals, and the symmetric set of master integrals include their first derivatives with respect to masses, , where j = 1, · · · , 6 (6 terms), and their third symmetric derivatives with respect to masses, , where i < j < k and i, j, k = 1, · · · , 6 (20 terms).

L-loop bubble diagram with R massive lines
Let us consider the L-loop bubble diagram for the case where only R lines (R ≤ L) have different masses, The Mellin-Barnes representation of this diagram is In terms of the notations of section 2, we have Applying again the algorithm described in section 3, we get

Independent verification
Fortunately, there are a few others ways to cross-check our key results, eqs. (4.5), (4.13), (5.4), and (5.12). One is based on the reduction of sunrise and bubble diagrams to some bases by using IBP relations [68,69]. However, there is no guarantee that the freely available programs will perform the complete reduction (see the discussions in refs. [23,71,72]). Another way of cross-checking our result is to apply the Lee-Pomenransky approach [73] (see also the discussion in ref. [74]). This algorithm is based on counting the critical points of the sum of the Symanzik polynomials F + U defined by eq. (1.2). As was pointed out by the authors of ref. [73], there are situations where their program does not reproduce the correct number of master integrals. Here, we present a pedagogical example in which differential reduction allows us to predict and construct an algebraic relation between two master integrals [71], which is not predictable by the algorithm described in ref. [73] or by the program LiteRed [75,76]. 12 Let us consider the two-loop sunrise diagram with arbitrary kinematics. The sum of the corresponding Symanzik polynomials has the following form: In Let us consider as another particular case the two-loop on-shell diagram, which is denoted as J011 in ref. [71], with M 3 = 0 and all other masses on-mass shell, M 2 1 = M 2 2 = p 2 = 1. In this case, there are six non-degenerate 13 critical points, q 1 = (0, 0, 0), q 2 = (1, 0, 0), q 3 = (0, 1, 0), 12 For the considered example, the diagram J011, the program Azurite [77] also produces two irreducible master integrals. We thank the authors of ref. [77] for confirming and verifying this result. 13 The corresponding Hessian matrix is non-singular at these points.

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The index 14 of points q 1 = q 2 = q 3 is equal to 2, and the index of points q 4 = q 5 = q 6 is equal to 1. According to the criteria suggested in ref. [73], there are two independent critical points, q 4 and q 6 , and there are two master integrals which are not reducible to products of one-loop bubble diagrams. However, as was shown in refs. [71,78,79], there is only one non-trivial master integral in this case, the second one only being a product of Γ functions. 15 The difference between the differential-reduction technique and the counting of the critical points is related to the treatment of the values of the propagator powers and the space-time dimension. In the framework of the differential-reduction technique, one can consider the parameters α i (powers of propagators) as well as the dimension of space-time n as non-integer, and, as a consequence, the number of additional differential equations for the Mellin-Barnes integrals should be different in this case. In the Lee-Pomeransky approach, the dimension of space-time and the powers of the propagators do not enter the analysis. Nevertheless, if α i are integer, then the results of our evaluations and those of the application of Mint should be equal. Roman Lee kindly agreed to cross-check our results by the help of his packages [73,75,76] and got full agreement with our expressions through L = 5 for the sunrise diagrams and through L = 6 for the bubble diagrams.
For completeness, we recall the three basic steps of our algorithm: (i) get a system of linear PDEs for a given Feynman diagram via its Mellin-Barnes representation, which does not exploit IBP relations [68,69]; (ii) evaluate the holonomic rank (including zero and Puiseux-type solutions) of the system of PDEs by the help of the prolongation procedure; (iii) evaluate the dimension of the invariant subspace of the differential contiguous operators.
As a demonstration of the validity of this technique applied to Feynman diagrams, the numbers of irreducible master integrals for the L-loop sunrise and bubble diagrams with generic sets of masses and momenta were evaluated (see eqs. (4.5), (4.13), (5.4), and (5.12)). In the considered cases, the non-integer value of the space-time dimension n serves as a regulator which allows us to count the number of independent solutions.
As a by-product, we discovered the following interesting consequences of our analysis: • As follows from eq. (4.6), the bases for L-loop sunrise diagrams can be constructed in two equivalent ways. In the first set, sunrise diagrams with higher symmetric 14 The index of a critical point is the dimension of the negative eigenspace of the corresponding Hessian matrix at this point. 15 Roman Lee made the following comment on this: since the algebraic relation between the master integrals established in refs. [23,71] does not follow from IBP relations related to the sunrise diagram [78,79], our results do not contradict the algorithm described in ref. [73]. derivatives with respect to masses, where J = L, L+1 and i 1 < i 2 < · · · < i J , can be excluded (see eq. (4.6)). In the second set, the diagram with unit powers of propagators and its first derivatives with respect to masses can be excluded in favor of higher derivatives (see eq. (4.9)). In both cases, the numbers of basic elements coincide with eq. (4.5), and the bases do not include the diagrams with powers of propagator larger than 2.
• As follows from eq. (5.4), the bases for L-loop bubble diagrams have the following structure: for even numbers of loops L = 2, 4, 6, · · · , the basis includes the diagram with unit powers of propagators, B({M 2 i }; {1}), and its even-order symmetric derivatives with respect to masses (see eq. (5.7)). For odd numbers of loops L = 3, 5, 7, · · · , the basis includes only odd-order symmetric derivatives with respect to masses (see eq. (5.8)), but does not include the original diagram.
• As follows from eq. (4.13), a sunrise diagram with R massive and two or more massless lines, or with one "dressed" massless line, is irreducible, and its holonomic rank near z = 0 coincides with the holonomic rank of the hypergeometric function F (R) C with irreducible monodromy. The latter property is relevant for the analysis of special functions generated by the ε expansions of multiloop sunrise diagrams [17,[20][21][22]83].

A L-loop V-type diagram
In recent analyses aiming at finding the full sets of IBP relations for the complete reduction of Feynman diagram to minimal sets of master integrals [23,28,78,79,84,85], diagrams of V type (see figure 3) have played an important role. In this section, we prove the following theorem: For generic values of masses and external momenta, the V -type diagrams (see figure 3) are reducible to sunrise diagrams with the same masses and momenta.

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Let us consider the L-loop V-type diagram defined in momentum space as V (L) M 2 1 , · · · , M 2 L+1 , α 1 , · · · , α L+1 ; σ; p 2 = d n (k 1 · · · k L ) The Mellin-Barnes representation of this diagram is V (L) M 2 1 , · · · , M 2 L+1 , α 1 , · · · , α L+1 ; σ; p 2 = p 2 n 2 L−α−α L+1 −β−σ i 1−n π n/2 L For σ = 0, the V-type diagram coincides with the L-loop sunrise diagram. The integral in eq. (A.2) includes the following ratio of Γ functions with arguments differing by integers: Let us introduce two differential operators, K 1 and K 2 , defined as where a = n 2 L − α and b = α − n 2 (L − 1). Applying these operators to eq. (A.2), we get where J (L) is the sunrise diagram defined by eq. (4.1). Indeed, we have The operators K 1 and K 2 are products of differential operators of the first order, so that their inverse operators correspond to one-fold integrals over linear forms. Integrals of this type convert Puiseux-type solutions of diagram J (L) into Puiseux-type solutions of diagram V (L) . As a consequence, the dimension of the space of nontrivial solutions of the differential operators related to the V -type diagram coincides with the dimension of the space of nontrivial solutions of the differential operators related to the sunrise diagram.