Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the interaction between nitrous oxide and propofol for the suppression of hypertension following electrical stimulation of the mental nerve in the rabbit.
Methods: Male Japan White rabbits were tracheostomized, cannulated and mechanically ventilated under isoflurane anesthesia. Square wave pulses (5 V, 0.5 msec, 50 Hz for 5 sec) were delivered to the left mental nerve. Animals received nitrous oxide 20, 40, 60 and 80% (Group 1); propofol 200, 400, 600 and 800 µg·kg−1·min−1 (Group 2); or combinations of nitrous oxide and propofol at 10+100, 20 + 200, 30+300 and 40 %+400 µg·kg−1·min−1 (Group 3). Systolic blood pressure was recorded from immediately before to maximal increase following nerve stimulation. Probit analysis was used to obtain ED50 values for 50% suppression of blood pressure elevation. Isobolographic analysis was used to evaluate the interaction between nitrous oxide and propofol.
Results: ED50 values are 52.9% for nitrous oxide (Group 1), 464.1 µg·kg−1·min−1 for propofol (Group 2), 21.7 %+217.1 µg·kg−1·min−1 for nitrous oxide and propofol combination (Group 3) and 24. 7 %+247.1 µg·kg−1·min−1 for the theoretically additive combination of nitrous oxide and propofol, respectively.
Conclusion: The interaction between nitrous oxide and propofol for the suppression of blood pressure elevation following electrical stimulation of the mental nerve is additive.
Résumé
Objectif: Évaluer l’interaction entre le protoxyde d’azote et le propofol, utilisés comme antihypertenseurs, à la suite d’une stimulation électrique du nerf mentonnier chez le lapin.
Méthode: Des lapins albinos mâles du Japon ont subi une trachéotomie, la mise en place d’une canule trachéale et une ventilation mécanique sous anesthésie à l’isoflurane. Un courant d’ondes carrées (5 V, 0,5 msec, 50 Hz pendant 5 sec) a été administré au nerf mentonnier gauche. Les animaux ont reçu 20, 40, 60 et 80 % de protoxyde d’azote (Groupe 1); 200, 400, 600 et 800 µg·kg−1·min−1 de propofol (Groupe 2) ou une combinaison de protoxyde d’azote et de propofol: 10+100, 20+200, 30+300 et 40 % + 400 µg·kg−1·min−1 (Groupe 3). La tension artérielle systolique a été enregistrée à partir du moment qui précède immédiatement l’augmentation jusqu’à l’élévation maximale provoquée par la stimulation du nerf. Une analyse par la méthode des probits a été utilisée pour obtenir la valeur de ED50 qui correspond à la suppression de 50 % de l’élévation de la pression sanguine. L’analyse isobolographique a permis d’évaluer l’interaction entre le protoxyde d’azote et le propofol.
Rśultats: La valeur de ED50 était de 52,9 % pour le protoxyde d’azote (Groupe 1); 464,1 µg·kg−1·min−1 pour le propofol (Groupe 2); 21,7 %+21,71 µg·kg−1·min−1 pour la combinaison de protoxyde d’azote et de propofol (Groupe 3) et de 24,7 %+247,1 µg·kg−1·min−1 pour la combinaison additive théorique de protoxyde d’azote et de propofol, respectivement.
Conclusion: L7rsinteraction entre le protoxyde d’azote et le propofol, utilisés comme antihypertenseurs à la suite d’une stimulation électrique du nerf mentonnier, est additive.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ichinohe T, Agata H, Aida H, Kaneko Y. The effects of nitrous oxide and isolfurane on the somatosympathetic reflex during electrical stimulation of the mental nerve in rabbits. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: S498.
Davidson JAH,Macleod AD, Howie JC, White M, Kenny GNC. Effective concentration 50 for propofol with and without 67% nitrous oxide. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37: 458–64.
Drummond JC. MAC for halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in the New Zealand White rabbit: and a test for the validity of MAC determinations. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 336–8.
Gessner PK. Isobolographic analysis of interactions: an update on applications and utility. Toxicology 1995; 105: 161–79.
Tallarida RJ, Porreca F, Cowan A. Statistical analysis of drug-drug and site-site interactions with isobolograms. Life Sci 1989; 45: 947–61.
Tallarida RJ. Statistical analysis of drug combinations for synergism. Pain 1992; 49: 93–7.
Sato A, Schmidt RF. Somatosympathetic reflexes: afferent fibers, central pathways, discharge characteristics. Physiol Rev 1973; 53: 916–47.
Sato A, Sato Y, Schmidt RF. Somatosensory modulation of the cardiovascular system.In: Blaustein MP, Grunicke H, Pette D, Schultz G, Schweiger M (Eds.). Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology 130, The Impact of Somatosensory Input on Autonomic Functions, 1st ed. Berlin, Springer, 1997: 115–66.
Allen GV, Barbrick B, Esser MJ. Trigeminal-parabrachial connections: possible pathway for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses. Brain Res 1996; 715: 125–35.
Allen GV, Pronych SP. Trigeminal autonomic pathways involved in nociception-induced reflex cardiovascular responses. Brain Res 1997; 754: 269–78.
Kitahata LM, McAllister RG, Taub A. Identification of central trigeminal nociceptors and the effects of nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 1973; 38: 12–9.
Guo T-Z, Poree L, Golden W, Stein J, Fujinaga M, Maze M. Antinociceptive responses to nitrous oxide is mediated by supraspinal opiate and spinal α2 adrenergic receptors in the rat. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 846–52.
Gahusac PMB, Morris R, Hill RG. A pharmacological study of the modulation of neuronal and behavioral nociceptive responses in the rat trigeminal region. Brain Res 1995; 700: 70–82.
Hara M, Kai Y, Ikemoto Y. Propofol activates GABAA receptor-chloride ionophore complex in dissociated hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the rat. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 781–8.
Almond JR, Westrum LE, Henry MA. Post-embedding immunogold labeling of gamma-aminobutyric acid in lamina II of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus pars caudalis: I. A qualitative study. Synapse 1996; 24: 39–47.
Wang C, Knowles MG, Chakrabarti MK, Whitwam JG. Clonidine has comparable effects on spontaneous sympathetic activity and afferent A-δ and C-fiber-mediated somatosympathetic reflexes in dogs. Anesthesiology 1994; 81: 710–7.
Yang C-Y, Luk H-N, Chen S-Y, Wu W-C, Chai C-Y. Propofol inhibits medullary pressor mechanisms in cats. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44: 775–81.
Fukunaga AF, Epstein RM. Sympathetic excitation during nitrous oxide — halothane anesthesia in the cat. Anesthesiology 1973; 39: 23–36.
Vinik HR, Bradley EL Jr,Kissin I. Isobolographic analysis of propofol-thiopental hypnotic interaction in surgical patients. Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 667–70.
Lennander Ö, Henriksson B-Å, Martner J, Biber B. Effects of fentanyl, nitrous oxide, or both, on baroreceptor reflex regulation in the cat. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 399–403.
Kazama T, Ikeda K, Morita K. The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and fentanyl with respect to the suppression of somatic or hemodynamic responses to skin incision, peritoneum incision, and abdominal wall retraction. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 894–906.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ichinohe, T., Aida, H. & Kaneko, Y. Interaction of nitrous oxide and propofol to reduce hypertensive response to stimulation. Can J Anaesth 47, 699–704 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03019005
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03019005