Abstract
Initiation of sediment particles by the flow can be classified by three different modes: rolling, sliding, and lifting. In this paper, threshold conditions of each mode obtained from force and momentum balances are investigated. Theoretical analysis of these conditions leads to curves similar to Shields diagram, resulting that the rolling and lifting thresholds yield the minimum and the maximum values of dimensionless critical shear stresses, respectively. A probabilistic analysis of the same problem is carried out under the assumption that the velocity approaching the particle has a normal distribution. The results revealed that about 4% of the particles on the bed are lifted when the critical bed shear stress by Shields is applied. Entrainment probability and saltating probability are also estimated, and they are compared with existing results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cao, Z. (1997). “Turbulent bursting-based sediment entrainment function.”Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 3, pp. 233–238.
Cheng, N.S. and Chiew, Y.M. (1998), “Pickup probability for sediment entrainment.”Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 232–235.
Cheng, N.-S. and Chiew, Y.-M. (1999). “Analysis of initiation of sediment suspension from bed load.”Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 8, pp. 855–861.
Chepil, W.S. (1958). “Use of evenly spaced hemispheres to evaluate aerodynamic forces on soil surfaces.”Eos. Transactions of AGU, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 397–404.
Coleman, N.L. (1967). “A theoretical and experimental study of drag and lift forces acting on a sphere resting on a hypothetical stream bed.”Proceeding 12th Congress of IAHR, Fort Collins, CO., Vol. 3, pp. 185–192.
Einstein, H. (1950). “The bed load function for sediment transportation in open channel flows.”Tech. Bull. 1026, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Einstein, H.A. and El-Samni, E.A. (1949). “Hydrodynamics forces on a rough wall.”Rev. of Modern Phys., Vol. 21, pp. 520–524.
Fredsoe, J. and Deigaard, R. (1992).Mechanics of Coastal Sediment Transport. World Scientific Publishing Co., River Edge, NJ.
Ikeda, S. (1982). “Incipient motion of sand particles on side slope.”Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. HY1, pp. 95–113.
Jain, S. (1991). “Note on lag in bedload discharge.”Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 6, pp. 904–915.
Kennedy, J.F. (1995). “The Albert Shields story.”Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 11, pp. 766–772.
Kironoto, B.A. and Graf, W.H. (1994). “Turbulence characteristics in rough uniform open-channel flow.”Proceeding of International Civil Engineers, Water, Maritime, and Energy, London, England, Vol. 106, pp. 333–344.
Li, Z. Y.,et al. (1983). “Laboratory investigation on drag and lift forces acting on bed spheres.”Proceeding of 2nd International Symposium of River Sedimentation, Water and Power Press, Beijing, China, pp. 330–340.
Miller, R.L. and Byrne, R.J. (1966). “The angle of repose for a single grain on a fixed rough bed.”Sedimentology, Vol. 6, pp. 303–314.
Neill, C.R. and Yalin, M.S. (1969). “Qualitative definition of beginning of bed movement.”Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. 1 pp. 585–587.
Nezu, I. and Nakagawa, H. (1993). “Turbulence in Open channel flows.” IAHR Monograph, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Papanicolau, A. (1997). “The role of turbulence on the initiation of sediment motion.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Papanicolau, A. (1999). “Discussion of Pick up probability for sediment entrainment, by Cheng and Chiew.”Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 7, pp. 788–789.
Patnaik, P.C., Vittal, N., and Pande, P.K. (1994). “Lift coefficient of a stationary sphere in gradient flow.”Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 471–480.
Reichardt, H. (1951). “Vollstandige darstellung der tubulenten geschwindig-keitsverteilung in glatten leitungen.”Z. Angew. Math. Mech., Berlin, Germany, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 208–219 (in German).
Wiberg, P.L. and Smith, J.D. (1985). “A theoretical model for saltating grains in water.”Journal of Geophysical Research, AGU, Vol. 90, No. c4, pp. 7341–7354.
Wiberg, P.L. and Smith, J.D. (1987). “Calculation of the critical Shear Stress for Motion of uniform and heterogeneous sediments.”Water Resource Research, AGU, Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 1471–1480.
Zhang, X. and Takahashi T. (2000). “Shear stress and percentage of initiating particles on the bed.”Stochastic Hydraulics 2000, edited by Z.-Y. Wang and S.-X. Hu, Beijing, China, pp. 325–331.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review on September 1, 2000.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, SU., Kwak, S. Theoretical and probabilistic analyses of incipient motion of sediment particles. KSCE J Civ Eng 5, 59–65 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02830727
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02830727