Abstract
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is a coherent and monochromatic beam of electromagnetic radiation that can propagate in a straight line with negligible divergence and occur in a wide range of wave-length, energy/power and beam-modes/configurations. As a result, lasers find wide applications in the mundane to the most sophisticated devices, in commercial to purely scientific purposes, and in life-saving as well as life-threatening causes. In the present contribution, we provide an overview of the application of lasers for material processing. The processes covered are broadly divided into four major categories; namely, laser-assisted forming, joining, machining and surface engineering. Apart from briefly introducing the fundamentals of these operations, we present an updated review of the relevant literature to highlight the recent advances and open questions. We begin our discussion with the general applications of lasers, fundamentals of laser-matter interaction and classification of laser material processing. A major part of the discussion focuses on laser surface engineering that has attracted a good deal of attention from the scientific community for its technological significance and scientific challenges. In this regard, a special mention is made about laser surface vitrification or amorphization that remains a very attractive but unaccomplished proposition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Steen WM (ed.) 1991Laser material processing (New York: Springer Verlag)
Duley W W 1986Laser surface treatment of metals: NATO-ASI Series (E) No.: 115 (eds) C W Draper, P Mazzoldi (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff) p. 3
Mordike B L 1993Materials science and technology (eds) R W Cahn, P Haasen, E J Kramer (Weinheim: VCH) 15: 111
Draper C W 1980Laser and electron beam processing of materials (eds) C W White, P S Peercy (New York: Academic Press) p. 721
Mazumdar J 1983Lasers for materials processing (ed.) M Bass (New York: North Holland) p. 113
Rykalin N N, Uglov A, Kokora A 1978Laser machining and welding (Moscow: Mir)
von Allem M 1982Laser annealing of semiconductors (eds) J M Poate, J W Mayer (New York: Academic Press) p. 43
White C W, Aziz M J 1987Surface alloying by ion, electron and laser beams (eds) L E Rehn, S T Picraux, H Wiedersich (Metals Park O: ASM) p. 19
Perepezko J H, Boettinger W J 1987Surface alloying by ion, electron and laser beams (eds) L E Rehn, S T Picraux, H Wiedersich (Metals Park, Ohio: ASM) p. 51
Picraux S T, Follstaedt D M 1983Laser-solid interactions and transient thermal processing of materials (eds) J Narayan, W L Brown, R A Lemons (New York: North-Holland) p. 751
Einstein A 1917Z. Phys 18: 121
Kopfermamm H, Ladenburg R 1928Phys. Chem. Abt. A139: 375
Maiman T H 1960Nature (London) 187: 493
Andrews J G, Atthey D R 1976J. Phys. D9: 2181
Laeng J, Stewart J G, Liou F W 2000Int. J. Prod. Res. 38: 3973–3996
Dawas C (ed.) 1992Laser welding (New York: McGraw-Hill)
Duley W W (ed.) 1999Laser welding (New York: John Wiley & Sons) p. 1
Draper C W, Poate J M 1985Int. Met. Rev. 30: 85–108
Molian P A 1989Surface modification technologies-An engineers guide (ed.) T S Sudarshan (New York: Marcel Dekker) p. 421
Draper C W, Ewing C A 1984J. Mater. Sci. 19: 3815
Chan K C, Liang J 2001Compos. Sci. Technol. 61: 1265–1270
Chan K C, Yau C L, Lee W B 2000J. Laser Appl. 12: 34–40
Chen G, Xu X, Poon C C, A C 1999J. Appl. Mech. 66: 772–779
Magee J, Watkins K G, Steen W M, Calder N J, Sidhu J, Kirby Jn 1998J. Laser Appl. 10: 149–155
van den Burg M, De-Hosson J T M 1995Interface Sci. 3: 107–118
Gaumann M, Bezencon C, Canalis P, Kurz W 2001Acta Mater. 49: 1051–1062
Cleton, Jouneau P H, Henry S, Gaumann M, Buffat P A 1999Scanning 21: 232–237
Ruys A J, Kerdic J A, Sorrell C C 1996J. Mater. Sci. 31: 4347–4355
Wiehua-Wang W, Holl M R, Schwartz D T, 2001J. Electrochem. Soc. 148: C363-C368
Greco A, Licciulli A, Maffezzoli A 2001J. Mater. Sci. 36: 99–105
Lu L, Fuh J Y H, Chen Z D, Leong C C, Wong Y S 2000Mater. Res. Bull. 35: 1555–1561
Daneshvar K, Raissi M, Bobbio S M 2000J. Appl. Phys. 88: 2205–2210
Wanke M C, Lehmann O, Muller K, Qingzhe W, Stuke M 1997Science 275: 1284–1286
Lehmann O, Stuke M 1995Science 270: 1644–1646
Lu Y F, Qiu H 2000J. Appl. Phys. 88: 1082–1087
Seifert G, Kaempfe M, Berg K J, Graener H 2000Appl. Phys. B71: 795–800
Lu Y F, Song W D, Hong M H, Chong T C, Low T S 1997Appl. Phys. A64: 573–578
Muggli P, Brogle R, Joshi C 1995J. Optical Soc. B12: 553–558
Parmar R S 1999 (ed.)Welding engineering and technology (New Delhi: Khanna)
Lancaster J F (ed.)Metallurgy of welding (London: George Allen and Unwin)
Wang H M, Chen Y L, Yu L G 2000Mater. Sci. Eng. A293: 1–6
Leong K H, Kirkham P A, Jr Meinert K C 2000J. Laser Appl. 12: 181–184
Hirose A, Todaka H, Yamaoka K, Kurosawa N, Kobayashi K F 1999Metall. Mater. Trans. A30: 2115–2120
Weckman D C, Kerr H W, Liu J T 1997Metall. Mater. Trans. B28: 687–700
Lee M F, Huang J C, Ho N J 1996J. Mater. Sci. 31: 1455–1468
Whitaker IR, McCartney D G 1995Mater. Sci. Eng. A196: 155–163
Biro E, Zhou Y, Weckman D C, Ely K J 2001J. Laser Appl. 13: 96–104
Fuhrich T, Berger P, Hugel H 2001J. Laser Appl. 13: 178–186
Farid M, Molian P A 2000J. Mater. Sci. 15: 3817–3826
Ng E S, Watson IA 1999J. Laser Appl. 11: 273–278
El-Batahgy A M 1997Mater. Lett. 32: 155–63
Szymanski Z, Kurzyna J, Kalita W 1997J. Phys. D30: 3153–62
Cheng W H, Wang W H, Chen J C 1996IEEE Trans. Components, Packaging Manu. Technol. 19: 764–769
Wang G, Tandon K N 1995Microgravity Sci. Technol. 8: 131–133
Hsu T T, Wang Y R, Wu S K, Chen C 2001Metall. Mater. Trans. A32: 569–576
Perret O, Bizouard M, Naudy Ph, Pascal G, Nore D, Horde Y, Delaisse Y 2001J. Appl. Phys. 90: 27–30
Tsay L W, Tsay C Y 1997Int. J. Fatigue 19: 713–720
Hirose A, Fukumoto S, Kobayashi K F 1995Key Eng. Mater. 104–107:853–872
Marya M, Edwards G R 2001J. Mater. Eng. Performance 4: 435–443
Lorenzen D, Bonhaus J, Fahrner W R, Kaulfersch E, Worner E, Koidl P, Unger K, Muller D, Rolke S, Schmidt H, Grellmann M 2001IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 48: 286–297
Schubert E, Seefeld T, Zerner I, Grupp M, Sepold G 1999Laser Opt. 31: 75–77
Heitz J, Pedarnig J D, Baeuerle D, Petzow G 1997Appl. Phys. A65: 259–261
Kahlen F J, Kar A 2001J. Laser Appl. 13: 60–69
De-Hosson J T M, Hooijmans J, Popma R 2000Surface Eng. 16: 245–249
Chou J F, Lin M H, Lu H Y 2000Acta Mater. 48: 3569–3579
Guo F, Lucas J P, Subramanian K N 2001J. Mater. Sci. 12: 27–35
Brandner M, Seibold G, Chang C, Dausinger F, Hugel H 2000J. Laser Appl. 12: 194–199
Berkowitz H, Walvoord J 1997Soldering Surface Mount Technol. 9: 41–43
Yamaguchi S, Chiba K, Saito Y, Kobayashi T 1996Opt. Eng. 35: 3585–3590
McNally KM, Sorg B S, Welch A J, Dawes JM, Owen ER 1999Phys. Med. Biol. 44: 983–1002
Illyefaalvi-Vitez Z 2001Micro electron. Reliab. 41: 563–570
Bernstein J B, Joo-Han-Lee, Gang-Yang, Dahmas T A 2000IEEE Trans. Semiconductor Manuf. 13: 228–234
Chen S L 1998Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., B J. Eng. Manuf.) 212: 113–128
Yue T M, Lau W S 1996Mater. Manuf. Process. 11: 17–29
Yilbas B S, Sahin A Z 1995Opt. Laser Technol. 27: 175–184
Lehane C, Kwok H S 2001Appl. Phys. A73: 45–48
Zhu X, Villeneuve D M, Yu A Naumov, Nikumb S, Corkum P B 1999Appl. Surf. Sci. 152: 138–148
Katsarakis N, Chatzitheodoridis E, Kiriakidis G, Sigalas M M, Soukoulis C M, Leung W Y, Tuttle G 1999Appl. Phys. Lett. 74: 3263–3265
Lumpp J K Allen S D 1997IEEE Trans. Components, Packaging Manuf. Technol. 20: 241–246
Psyllaki P, Oltra R 2000Mater. Sci. Eng. A282: 145–52
Lu Y F, Lee Y P, Zhou M S 1998J. Appl. Phys. 83: 1677–1684
Tsunemi A, Hagiwara K, Saito N, Nagasaka K, Miyamoto Y, Suto O, Tashiro H 1997Appl. Phys. A63 435–439
Feng Y, Liu Z Q, Yi X S 2001J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 20: 517–519
Beu-Zion D, Inberg A, Croitoru N, Shalem S A, Katzir 2000Opti Eng. 39: 1384–1390
Xiao Y S, Yi F 1999J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 18: 245–247
Buckley G S, Roland C M 1997Polym. Eng. Sci. 37: 138–142
Alexander D R, Khlif M S 1996Opt. Lasers Eng. 25: 55–70
Allcock G, Dyer P E, Elliner G, Snelling H V 1995J. Appl. Phys. 78: 7295–7303
Ponnaluri S V, Cherukuri R, Molian P A 2001J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 112: 199–204; and Patri S, Gurusamy R, Molian P A, Govindaraju M 1996J. Mater. Sci. 31: 1693–1702
Compaan A D, Matulionis I, Nakade S 2000Opt. Lasers Eng. 34: 15–45
Raybould D, Meola M, Bye R, Das S K 1998Mater. Sci. Eng. A241: 191–201
Parvathavarthini N, Subbarao R V, Kumar S, Dayal R K, Khatak H S 2001J. Mater. Eng. Performance 10: 5–13
Conde A Garcia I, Damborenea J J 2001Corrosion Sci. 43: 817–828
Kwok C T, Cheng F T, Man H C 2000Surf. Coat. Technol. 145: 206–214
Tsay L W, Yang T Y, Young M C 2001Mater. Sci. Eng. A311: 64–73
Peyre P, Braham C, Ledion J, Berthe L, Fabbro R 2000J. Mater. Eng. Performance 9: 656–662
Kwok C T, Cheng F T, Man H C 2000Mater. Sci. Eng. A290: 74–88; and Kwok C T, Cheng F T, Man H C 2000Mater. Sci. Eng. A290: 55–73
Isshiki Y, Shi J, Nakai H, Hashimoto M 2000Applied Physics A70: 651–656; and Isshiki Y, Shi J, Nakai H, Hashimoto M 2000Appl. Phys. A70: 395–402
Dutta Majumdar J, Manna I 1999Mater. Sci. Eng. A267: 50–59
Mudali U K, Pujar M G, Dayal R K 1998J. Mater. Eng. Performance 7: 214–220
Anjos M A, Vilar R, Qiu Y Y 1997Surf. Coat. Technol. 92: 142–149
Akgun O V, Inal O T 1995J. Mater. Sci. 30: 6105–6112
Chong H C, Wen T T, Ju L T 1995Mater. Sci. Eng. A190: 199–205
Pillai S R, Shankar P, Subba-Rao R V, Sivai N B, Kumaravel S 2001Mater. Sci. Technol. 17: 1249–1252
Psyllaki P, Oltra R 2000Mater. Sci. Eng. A282: 145–152
Agarwal A, Katipelli L R, Dahotre N B 2000Metal. Mater. Trans. A31: 461–473
Chang K C, Wei W J, Chen C 1998Surf. Coat. Technol. 102: 197–204
Gutierrez A, Damborenea J 1997Oxid. Met. 47: 259–275
Nagarathnam K, Komvopoulos K 1996Metal. Mater. Trans. A27: 381–390
Cheng F T, Kwok C T, Man H C 2001Surf. Coat. Technol. 139: 14–24
Wu X L, Hong Y S 2000Metal. Mater. Trans. A31: 3123–3127
Roy A, Manna I 2001Mater. Sci. Eng. A297: 85–93
Agarwal A, Dahotre N B 2000Wear 240: 144–151; and Agarwal A, Dahotre N B 2000Met. Mater. Trans. A31: 401–408
Tondu S, Schnick T, Pawlowski L, Wielage B, Steinhauser S, Sabatier L 2000Surf Coat. Technol. 123:247–251
Pelletier J M, Sauger E, Gachon Y, Vannes A B 1999J. Mater. Sci. 34: 2955–2969
Di-Melfi R J, Sanders P G, Hunter B, Eastman J A, Sawley K J, Leong K H, Kramer J M 1998Surf. Coat. Technol. 106: 30–43
Zhang X M, Man H C, Li H D 1997J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 69: 162–166
Jervis T R, Nastasi M, Jr. Griffin A J, Zocco T G, Taylor T N, Foltyn S R 1997Surf. Coat. Technol. 89: 158–164
So H, Chen C T, Chen Y A 1996Wear 192: 78–84
Zhukov A A, Dutta-Majumdar J, Manna I 1995J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 14: 828–829
Yue T M, Wu Y X, Man H C 1999Surf. Coat. Technol. 114: 13–18
Watkins K G, Liu Z, McMahon M, Vilar R, Ferreira M G S 1998Mater. Sci. Eng. A252: 292–300
Carvalhoa D, Cardoso S, Vilar R 1997Scr. Mater. 37: 523–527
Wong T T, Liang G Y 1997Mater. Characterization 38: 85–89
Zhang X M, Man H C, Yue T M 1996Scr. Mater. 35: 1095–1100
Katipelli L R, Dahotre N B 2001Mater. Sci. Technol. 17: 1061–1068
Prasad N H, Balasubramaniam R 1997J. Mater. Process. Tech. 68: 117–20
Choquette K D, Geib K M, Chui H C, Hammons B E, Hou H Q, Drummond T J, Hull R 1996Appl. Phys. Lett. 69: 1385–1387
Schnick T, Tondu S, Peyre P, Pawlowski L, Steinhauser S, Wielage B, Hofmann U, Bartnicki E 1999J. Thermal Spray Technol. 8: 296–300
Uenishi K, Kobayashi K F 1999Intermetallics 7: 553–559
Boulmer-Leborgne C, Thomann A L, Andreazza P, Andreazza-Vignolle C, Hermann J, Craciun V, Echegut P, Craciun D 1998Appl. Surf. Sci. 125: 137–148
Liang G Y, Wong T T 1997J. Mater. Eng. Performance 6: 41–45
Geng H R, Liu Y, Chen C Z, Sun M H, Gao Y Q 2000Mater. Sci. Technol. 16: 564–567
Dutta-Majumdar J, Manna I 1999Mater. Sci. Eng. A268: 227–235; and Dutta Majumdar J, Manna I 1999Mater. Sci. Eng. A268: 216–226
Wang A H, Yue TM 2001Composites Sci. Technol. 61: 1549–1554
Dube D, Fiset M, Couture A, Nakatsugawa I 2001Mater. Sci. Eng. A299: 38–45
Schippman D, Weisheit A, Mordike B L 1999Surf. Eng. 15: 23–26
Yue T M, Wang A H, Man H C 1997Scr. Mater. 38: 191–198
Manna I, Kondala Rao K, Roy S K, Watkins K G 2000 InSurface engineering in materials science I (Conf. Proc.) (eds) S Seal, N B Dahotre, J J Moore, B Mishra (Warandale, PA: TMS) pp.367–376
Zhang D W, Lei T C, Zhang J G, Ouyang J H 1999Surf. Coat. Technol. 115: 176–83
Shyh A L, Tung T L, Wen T T 1998Scr. Mater. 38: 559–563
Ghosh S, Goswami G L, Biswas A R, Venkataramani R, Garg S P 1997Trans. IIM 50: 287–290
Gemelli E, Galerie A, Caillet M 1996J. Mater. Sci. 31: 6627–6630
Yilbas B S, Hashmi M S J, Shuja S Z 2001Surf. Coat. Technol. 140: 244–250
Dutta Majumdar J, Mordike B L, Manna I 2000Wear 242: 18–27
Dutta-Majumdar J, Weisheit A, Mordike B L, Manna I 1999Mater. Sci. Eng. A266: 123–134
Cooper K P, Slebodnick P L, Lucas K E, Hogan E A 1998J. Mater. Sci. 33: 3805–3816
Fouilland-Paille L, Ettaqi S, Benayoun S, Hantzpergue J J 1997Surf. Coat. Technol. 88: 204–211
Weerasinghe V M, West D R F, de-Damborenea J 1996J. Mater. Process. Tech. 58: 79–86
Masse J E, Mathieu J F 1996Mater. Manuf. Proc. 11: 199–206
Klement W, Willens R H, Duwez PNature (London) 187: 869
Cohen M H, Turnbull D 1959J. Chem. Phys. 31: 1164
Turnbull D 1969Contemp. Phys. 10: 473 [cited after réf. 151]
Lin C J, Spaepen F 1982Appl. Phys. Lett. 41: 721
Snezhnoi R L, Zhukov A A, Kokora A N 1980Mater. Sci. Heat Treatment 22: 900
Bergmann H W, Mordike B L 1980Z. Metallkde 71: 658
Bergmann H W, Mordike B L 1981J. Mater. Sci. 16: 863
Borodina G G 1981Sov. Phys. Dokl. 26: 761
Von Allmen M, Affolter K 1984Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. 28: 81
Lin C J, Spaepen F 1984Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. 28: 75
Lin C J, Spaepen F, Turnbull D 1984J. Non-Crys. Solids 61-62: 767
Den Breeder F J A, Vandenberg J M, Draper C W 1984Thin Solid Films 111: 43
Hashimoto K, Kumagai N, Yoshioka H, Asami K 1990Mater. Manuf. Proc. 5: 567
Kumagai N, Samata Y, Kawashima A, Asami K, Hashimoto K 1986J. Non-Cryst. Solids 93: 78
Kumagai S, Samata Y, Jikihara S, Kawashima A, Asami K, Hashimoto K 1988Mater. Sci. Eng. 99: 489
Yoshioka H, Asami K, Hashimoto K 1984Scr. Metall. 18: 1215
Yoshioka H, Asami K, Kawashima A, Hashimoto K 1985Rapidly quenched metals (eds) S Steels, H Warlimont (Amsterdam: Elsevier) vol. 1, p. 123
Kumagai N, Asami K, Hoshimoto K 1986J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 87: 123
Yoshioka H, Asami K, Kawashima A, Hashimoto KCorros. Sci. 27: 981
Kumagai N, Jikihara S, Kawashima A, Asami K, Hashimoto K 1989 InProc. of MRS Int. Meeting on Advanced Materials (Conf. Proc.) vol. 3, p. 267
Froehlingsdorf J, Stritzker B 1986Laser surface treatment of metals. NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences No. 115 (eds) C W Draper, P Mozzoldi (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff)
Kear B W, Breinon E M, Greenwald L EMetals Technol. 6: 121
Spaepen F 1986Laser surface treatment of metals. NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences No. 115 (eds) C W Draper, P Mozzoldi (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff) p. 81
Gaffet E, Deluze G, Martin G, Pelletier J M, Pergue D 1988Mater. Sci. Eng. 98: 291
Yablonovitch E, Gmitter T J 1992Solid-State Electron. 35: 261–267
Lewis G K, Schlieriger E 2000Mater. Design 21: 417–423
Skolbelkin O K, Manenkov A A, Litvin G D, Eliseenko V I, Denisov N N, Bagdasarov V K, Starkovsky A M, Yakimenko A P 1993Lasers Life Sci. 5: 243–246
Dubrujeaud B, Fontes A, Forget P, Papaphilippou C, Sainte C C, Vardavoulias M, Jeandin MSurf. Eng. 13: 461–470
Lin L 2000Opt. Lasers Eng. 34: 231–253
Mordike B L 1997Progr. Mater. Sci. 42: 357–372
Bamberger M 1998Int. Mater. Rev. 43: 189–203
Vilar R 1999Mater. Sci. Forum 301: 229–252
Peyre P, Merrien P, Lieurade H P, Fabbro R 1995Surf. Eng. 11 1, 47, Peyre P, Fabbro R, Merrien P, Lieurade H P 1996Mater. Sci. Eng. A210: 102
Folkes J 1997Mater. Sci. Forum 246: 261–278
Mukherjee K, Majumdar J 1985 (eds)Laser processing of materials (New York: Am Inst. Mining, Metall. Petroleum Eng.)
Mazumder J, Mohanty P S, Kar A 1996Int. J. Mater. Product Technol. 11: 193–252
Walker H A, Steen W M, West D R F 1985Laser processing of materials (eds) K Mukherjee, J Mazumder (Warrendale PA: The Metall. Soc. AIME) p. 169
Ashby M F, Easterling K E 1984Acta. Metall. 32: 1935
Eric A Brandes (ed.)Smithells metals reference book (London: Butterworths) pp. 11–379, 940
Belforte D, Levitt M (eds),The industrial annual handbook (Tulsa: Pennwell) p. 209
Roy A, Manna I 2001Opt. Lasers Eng. 34: 369–383
Roy A, Manna I 1997Indian Foundry J. 43: 15–22
Manna I, Reddy G, Abraham S, Ghosh T B, Bose D N, Pabi S K 1994Scr. Metall. Mater. 31: 713–718
Dutta Majumdar J, He X, Weisheit A, Mordike B L, Manna I 1998Lasers Eng. 7: 89–102
Manna I, Dutta Majumdar J, Chatterjee U K, Nath A K 1996Scr. Mater. 35: 405–410
Manna I, Roy S K 1993Indian Foundry Journal 39: 11–21
Manna I, Dutta Majumdar J, Rambabu D, Bharti A, Joshi S V 1995Steel India 18: 1–6
Manna I, Dutta Majumdar J 1995Z. Metallkde. 86: 362–364
Manna I, Steen W M, Watkins K G 2000 InSurface engineering in Materials Science I (Conf. Proa), (eds) S Seal, N B Dahotre, J J Moore, B Mishra (Warandale, PA: TMS) pp. 377–384
Manna I, Steen W M, Watkins K G 1997Scr. Mater. 37: 561–568
Watkins K G, Steen W M, Manna I, Williams D F, Rhodes S, Mazzoldi P, Russo S L, Ferreira MGS, Rito J T, Silva T M, Simoes A M P 1996 InICALEO ’96 — Laser Materials Processing and Surface Modification (Conf. Proa), (eds) W Duley, K Shibata, R Poprawe (Laser Inst. of America) vol. A81, pp. 37–46
Manna I, Roy A, Watkins K G, Steen W M 1999 InProceedings of the 6th Asian Foundry Congress (Conf. Proa), (eds) A K Chakrabarti, B KDhindaw, G L Dutta, C S Sivaramakrishnan (Calcutta: Inst. Indian Foundrymen) p. 153–159
Sinha V, Goswami G L, Kale G B, Manna I 2000 InSurface engineering in materials science I (Conf. Proa), (eds) S Seal, N B Dahotre, J J Moore, B Mishra (Warandale, PA: TMS) p. 131–140
Dutta Majumdar J, Ashok Kumar B V S, Manna I (unpublished work)
Manna I, Dutta Majumdar J, Das P K 1995 InInt. Conf. Advances in Physical Metallurgy (ICPM) (Conf. Proc.) (eds) S Banerjee, R V Ramanujan (New York: Gordon & Breach) p. 49–54
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
References in this paper have not been cited or prepared in journal format
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dutta Majumdar, J., Manna, I. Laser processing of materials. Sadhana 28, 495–562 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706446
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706446