Abstract
Field studies of the Sunda Island leaf monkey,Presbytis aygula, were made in the montane forests of West Java at an altitude of 1,400–1,800 m between September 1976 and August 1981. The troop size ofP. aygula varied from 3 to 12 animals and the population density was about 35 animals/km2 in Patenggang and 11–12 animals/km2 in Kamojang. They were organized essentially in one male troops, though the troops in the Patenggang area usually consisted of only an adult pair and its offspring. Home range size was about 14 ha in Patenggang and about 35–40 ha in Kamojang. Some of those ranges overlapped with each other. The differences between these two areas were considered to be the result of recent habitat destruction and human impact in Patenggang. Animals spent more time in resting than other activities during a day.P. aygula in Java, consumed mainly leaves, eating less fruits and other parts of plants. Troop cohesion was tight, but social interactions between troop members were rather infrequent. The patterns of intertroop encounters and vocal sounds were described.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aldrich-Blake, F. P. G., 1970. Problems in social structure in forest monkeys. In:Social Behaviour in Birds and Mammals,J. H. Crook (ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 79–101.
Baldwin L. A., M. Kavanagh &G. Teleki, 1975. Field research on langur and proboscis monkeys: An historical, geographical and bibliographical listing.Primates, 16: 351–363.
Bishop, N. H., 1979. Himalayan langurs: temperate colobines.J. Human Evol., 8: 251–281.
Boggess, J., 1980. Intermale relations and troop male membership changes in langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Nepal.Int. J. Primatol., 1: 233–274.
Brotoisworo, E., 1979. The lutung (Presbytis cristata) in Pangandaran Nature Reserve: social adaptation to space. Ph.D. thesis, Kyoto University, Kyoto.
Chivers, D. J., 1974.The Siamang in Malaya. Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 4, S. Karger, Basel.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., 1974. Primate social organization and ecology.Nature (London), 250: 539–542.
————, &P. H. Harvey, 1977. Some aspects of intraspecific variation in feeding and ranging behavior in Primates In:Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes,T. H. Clutton-Brock (ed.), Academic Press, London, pp. 557–584.
Curtin, S. H., 1976. Niche separation in sympatric Malaysian leaf monkeys (Presbytis obscura andP. melalophos).Ybk. Phys. Anthropol., 20: 421–439.
————, 1980. Dusky and banded leaf monkeys. In:Malayan Forest Primates,D. J. Chivers (ed.), Plenum Press, London, pp. 107–145.
Eisenberg, J. F., N. A Muckenhirn &R. Rudran, 1972. The relation between ecology and social structure in primates.Science, 176: 863–874.
Hladik, C. M. &H. Hladik, 1972. Disponibilités alimentaires et domaines vitaux des primates a Ceylan.Terre et la Vie, 2: 149–215.
Hoogerwerf, A. A., 1970.Udjung Kulon, the Land of Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Hrdy, S. B., 1977.The Langurs of Abu. Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Institute of Ecology, 1979.Report on Water Analysis and Environmental Impact Analysis of Kamojang Geothermal Plant, West Java. A Report to Perusahaan Umum Listrik Negara I, Padjadjaran Univ., Bandung.
Jay, P. C., 1965. The common langur of north India. In:Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes,I. DeVore (ed.), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, pp. 197–249.
Kawamura, S., 1979. Social life ofPresbytis melalophos in Sumatra. In:A Comparative Socio-ecological Study on Coloboid Monkeys in Tropical Asia. Report of Overseas Scientific Survey in 1976–1978, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univ., Inuyama, pp. 1–13.
Medway, L., 1970. The monkeys of Sundaland: Ecology and systematics of the Cercopithecids of a humid equatorial environment. In:Old World Monkeys,J. R. Napier &P. H. Napier (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 513–553.
Mohnot, S. M., 1971. Some aspects of social changes and infant-killing in the Hanuman langur,Presbytis entellus (Primates: Cercopithecidae), in Western India.Mammalia, 35: 175–198.
Pocock, R. I., 1928. The langurs, or leaf monkeys, of British India.J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 32: 472–677.
----, 1934. The monkeys of the generaPithecus (orPresbytis) andPygathrix found to the east of the Bay of Bengal.Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 895–961.
Ripley, S., 1967. Intertroop encounters among Ceylon gray langurs (Presbytis entellus). In:Social Communication Among Primates,S. A. Altmann (ed.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 237–257.
Rodman, P. S., 1973. Synecology of Bornean primates: I. A test for interspecific interactions in spatial distribution of five species.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 38: 655–659.
Rudran, R., 1973. Adult male replacement in one male troops of purple faced langurs (Presbytis senex senex) and its effect on population structure.Folia Primatol., 19: 166–192.
Sugiyama, Y., 1964. Group composition, population density and some sociological observations of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus).Primates, 5 (3–4): 7–38.
————, 1965. On the social change of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in their natural condition.Primates, 6: 381–418.
————,K. Yoshiba &M. D. Parthasarathy, 1965. Home range, breeding season, male group and intertroop relation in Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus).Primates, 6: 73–106.
————, 1967. Social organization of Hanuman langurs. In:Social Communication Among Primates,S. A. Altmann (ed.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 221–236.
————, 1976. Characteristic of the ecology of the Himalayan langurs.J. Human Evol., 5: 249–277.
Tilson, R. T. &R. R. Tenaza, 1976. Monogamy and duetting in an Old World monkey.Nature, 263: 320–321.
Vogel, C., 1971. Behavioral differences ofPresbytis entellus in two different habitats.Proc. 3rd. Int. Congr. Primatol., Zurich, 1970, 3: 41–47.
————, 1973. Acoustical communication among free ranging common Indian langurs (Presbytis entellus) in two different habitats of North India.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 38(2): 469–480.
Watanabe, K., 1981. Variations in group composition and population density of the two sympatric Mentawaian leaf monkeys.Primates, 22: 145–160.
Wilson, C. C. &W. L. Wilson, 1975. The influence of selective logging on primates and some other animals in East Kalimantan.Folia Primatol., 23: 245–274.
———— & ————, 1976. Behavior and morphological variations among primate populations in Sumatra.Ybk. Phys. Anthropol., 20: 207–233.
Yoshiba, K., 1967. An ecological study of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus).Primates, 8: 127–154.
————, 1968. Local and intertroop variability in ecology and social behavior of common Indian langurs. In:Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability,P. Jay (ed.), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York., pp. 217–242.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Ruhiyat, Y. Socio-ecological study ofPresbytis aygula in West Java. Primates 24, 344–359 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381980
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381980