Abstract
We studied time budgeting of lion-tailed macaques in the Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India, with regard to seven activity categories. Groups spent >50% of their time feeding and foraging, ≈33% of the time resting, and 15% moving. More energetic activities were spread uniformly through the day. Feeding had two annual peaks: one closely following the northeast monsoon and the other corresponding to the southwest monsoon. These also coincided with peaks of food availability and mating. Time saved in feeding was spent mostly on resting. Ranging showed a pattern contrary to that of time spent moving and was related more to weather than to food availability; it increased during cooler periods. The middle and upper stories of the canopy were used >93% of the time. The ground was used rarely. Time budgeting characteristics of the lion-tailed macaque are primarily frugiinsectivorous adaptations to a wet evergreen forest habitat.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods.Behaviour 49: 227–267.
Booth, A. H. (1979). The distribution of primates in the Gold Coast. In Sussman, R. W. (ed.),Primate Ecology: Problem Oriented Field Studies, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 139–153.
Charles-Dominique, P. (1979). Ecology and feeding behaviour of five sympatric lorisids in Gabon. In Sussman, R. W. (ed.),Primate Ecology: Problem Oriented Field Studies, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 5–22.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H. (1977). Species differences in feeding and ranging behaviour in primates. In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Primate Ecology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 557–584.
Davis, R. T., Leary, R. W., Casebeer Smith, M. D., and Thomson, R. F. (1968). Species differences in the gross behaviour of nonhuman primates.Behaviour 31: 326–338.
Green, S., and Minkowski, K. (1977). The lion-tailed macaque and its south Indian rain forest habitat. In HSH Prince Rainier III and Bournie, G. H. (eds.),Primate Conservation, Academic Press, New York, pp. 289–337.
Kawai, M., and Iwamoto, M. (1979). Nomadism and activities. In Kawai, M. (ed.),Ecological and Sociological Studies of Gelada Baboons, S. Karger, Basel.
Kinzey, W. G., and Gentry, A. H. (1977). Diet and feeding behaviour ofCallicebus torquatus. In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Primate Ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 127–151.
Kinzey, W. G., and Gentry, A. H. (1979). Habitat utilization in two species ofCallicebus. In Sussman, R. W. (ed.),Primate Ecology: Problem Oriented Field Studies, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 101–107.
Klein, L. L., and Klein, B. B. (1977). Feeding behaviour of Columbian spider monkey. In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Primate Ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 153–181.
Kumar, A., and Kurup, G. U. (1985). Sexual behaviour of the lion-tailed macaque,Macaca silenus. In Heltne, H. G. (ed.),The Lion-Tailed Macaque: Status and Conservation, Liss, New York, pp. 91–130.
Kurup, G. U. (1977). Distribution, habitat and conservation of the rain forest primates in the Western Ghats, India. In Prasad, M. R. N., and Anand Kumar, T. C. (eds.),Use of Non-human Primates in Biomedical Research, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.
Kurup, G. U. (1978). Distribution, habitat and status survey of the lion-tailed macaque,Macaca silenus (Linnaeus).J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75(2): 321–340.
Smith, C. C. (1977). Feeding behaviour and social organization in howling monkeys. In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Primate Ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 97–126.
Southwick, C. H., Siddiqi, M. R., and Siddiqi, M. F. (1970). Primate populations and biomedical research.Science 170: 1051–1054.
Sussman, R. W. (1977). Feeding behaviour ofLemur catta andLemur fulvus. In, Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Primate Ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 1–36.
Waser, P. (1977). Feeding, ranging and group size in the mangabey. In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.),Primat Ecology, Academic Press, London, pp. 183–222.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kurup, G.U., Kumar, A. Time budget and activity patterns of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus). International Journal of Primatology 14, 27–39 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02196501
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02196501