Abstract
Optical data storage is poised to benefit from a new class of advanced polymeric materials engineered to exhibit photorefractivity. Likewise, the transmission and processing of data will also benefit from a related class of materials with electro-optic activity. Organic chromophores are critical constituents of these materials which function due to a change of index of refraction in response to an electric field. However, a number of materials and processing problems remain to be solved before devices incorporating these optically nonlinear chromophores are practical. For example, for electrooptical applications the NLO waveguide should be able to withstand short duration processing temperatures in excess of 300°C and long duration use temperatures of at least 80°C. The requirement for thermochemical stability follows from the need to implement highT g matrices to provide stability of the orientational or polar order required for long-term device performance and reliability. As a result, the thermal stability of chromophores is now more closely evaluated in addition to their transparency and optical nonlinearity properties. Some chromophore classes, such as the azo dyes studied here, have attractive properties for these applications but further enhancements in overall properties are needed. Identification of the fundamental chemical processes in thermal decomposition of these dyes should lead to introduction of structural changes which provide better stability. Here thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA/MS) is used to provide an assay of thermochemical stability with an added benefit that insight into the mechanisms of thermal decomposition may by identified. In this initial study diaryl substitution of the amine in derivatives of 4-amino-4′-nitroazobenzene was observed to greatly enhance thermal stability relative to dialkyl substitution. Substitution of phenyl for alkyl eliminates structural features involved in the most facile degradation mechanism available to the alkyl derivative.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Zyss, Ed., ‘Molecular Nonlinear Optics. Materials, Physics, Devices’ Academic Press, San Diego 1994.
D. Burland, R. D. Miller and C. Walsh, Chem. Rev., 94 (1994) 31.
R. Lytel, G. F. Lipscomb, E. S. Binkley, J. T. Kenny and A. J. Ticknor, Proc. SPIE, 1215 (1990) 252.
W. E. Moerner and S. Silence, Chem. Rev., 94 (1994) 127.
C. A. Walsh, D. M. Burland, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Miller, B. Smith, R. J. Twieg and W. Volksen, Macromol., 26 (1993) 3720.
J. W. Wu, J. F. Valley, S. Ermer, E. S. Binkley, J. T. Kenney, G. F. Lipscomb and R. Lytel, Appl. Phys. Lett., 58 (1991) 225.
B. Zysset, M. Ahlheim, M. Staehelin, F. Lehr, P. Pretre, P. Kaatz and P. Günter, Proc. SPIE, 2025 (1993) 70.
E. Muller, Ed., Methoden der Organishen Chemie, IV/1b, Oxidation Teil 2, 1975 pp. 967–985.
R. J. Twieg, K. M. Betterton, D. M. Burland, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Miller, C. R. Moylan, W. Volksen and C. A. Walsh, Proc. SPIE, 2025 (1993) 94.
R. D. Miller, K. M. Betterton, D. M. Burland, V. Y. Lee, C. R. Moyland, C. A. Walsh and W. Volksen, Proc. SPIE, 2042 (1994) 354.
R. J. Twieg, D. M. Burland, J. L. Hedrick, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Miller, C. R. Moylan, W. Volksen and C. A. Walsh, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 328, L. R. Dalton, Ed., 1994 p. 421.
R. J. Twieg, D. M. Burland, J. Hedrick, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Miller, C. R. Moylan, C. M. Seymour, W. Volksen and C. A. Walsh, Proc. SPIE, 2143 (1994) 2.
R. Twieg, V. Lee, R. D. Miller, C. Moylan, R. B. Prime and G. Chiou, Polym. Prepr., 35(2) (1994) 200.
C. R. Moylan, R. J. Twieg, V. Y. Lee, S. A. Swanson, K. M. Betterton and R. D. Miller, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 115 (1994) 12599.
G. Hallas, J. Soc. Dyers, Colour., 95 (1979) 285.
R. B. Prime and B. Shushan, Anal. Chem., 61 (1989) 1195.
M. Ellwood and J. Griffiths, J. C. S. Chem. Comm., (1990) 181.
J. H. Bowie, G. E. Lewis and R. G. Cooks, J. Chem. Soc. (B), (1967), 621.
Yu. S. Nekrasov, V. A. Puchkov and N. S. Vul'fson, J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 38 (1975) 1337.
H. P. Mehta and A. T. Peters, Appl. Spec., 28(3) (1974) 241.
J. A. Vollmin, P. Pachlatko and W. Simon, Helv. Chim. Acta, 52 (1969) 47.
E. Fasani, T. Soldi, A. Albini and S. Pietra, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 120 (1990) 109.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Dedicated to Professor Bernhard Wunderlich on the occasion of his 65th birthday
The authors acknowledge contributions by colleagues at IBM including H. Truong and R. Siemens for the thermal analysis. This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the National Institute of Science and Technology Advanced Technology Program.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prime, R.B., Chiou, G.Y. & Twieg, R.J. Evaluation of the thermal stability of some nonlinear optical chromophores. Journal of Thermal Analysis 46, 1133–1150 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01983625
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01983625