Abstract
Severe congenital hearing impairment is an important handicap affecting 0.1% of live-born infants and 1%–2% of graduates of Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The prognosis for intellectual, emotional, language and speech development in the hearing-impaired child is improved when the diagnosis is made early and intervention is begun before the age of 6 months. The usual age at diagnosis of hearing impairment is at least 18–30 months (or even later in cases of less severe hearing impairment) where there are no screening programmes. When screening is carried out using distraction methods at the age of approximately 9 months some hearing-impaired infants are missed and those discovered are at least 15–18 months before intervention begins. Neonatal screening could give hearing-impaired children the best chances for optimal care and development. Universal neonatal hearing screening is necessary, because, when neonatal hearing screening is restricted to high risk groups 30%–50% of infants with hearing loss are not discovered. The methods available for neonatal hearing screening are discussed in this paper.
Conclusion
In our view automated measurement of auditory brainstem responses is the most valuable method for universal neonatal hearing screening.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ABR :
-
auditory brainstem responses
- ARC :
-
auditory response cradle
- dBnHL :
-
deeibel normal hearing level
- EOAE :
-
evoked oto-acoustic emissions
- TEOAE :
-
transient evoked oto-acoustic emissions
References
Baart de la Faille LMB, Kauffman-de Boer MA (1989) Ewing screening and the results (in Dutch). Logopedie en Foniatrie 61: 85–89
Barr B, Stensland Junker K, Svard M (1978) Early disvovery of hearing impairment: a critical evaluation of the BOEL test. Audiology 17: 62–67
Baldwin M, Watkin P (1992) The clinical application of oto-acoustic emissions in paediatric audiological assessment. J Laryngol Otol 106: 301–306
Bebout JM (1989) Pediatric hearing aid fitting: a practical overview. Hear J 42: 13–15
Brown J, Watson E, Alberman E (1989) Screening infants for hearing loss. Arch Dis Child 64: 1488–1495
Cox LC (1984) The current status of auditory brainstem response testing in neonatal populations. Pediatr Res 18: 780–783
Curnock DA (1993) Identifying hearing impairment in infants and young children. BMJ 307: 1225–1226
De Casper AJ, Fifer WP (1980) Of bonding: newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science 208: 1174–1176
Davis A, Wood S (1992) The epidemiology of childhood hearing impairment: factors relevant to planning of services. Br J Audiol 26: 72–90
DHSS Advisory Committee on Services for Hearing Impaired People. Final report of the subcommittee appointed to consider services for hearing impaired children. London HMSO 1981
Elliott LL, Armbruster VB (1967) Some possible effects of the delay of early treatment of deafness. J Speech Hear Res 10: 209–224
Ewing IR, Ewing AWG (1944) The ascertainment of deafness in infancy and early childhood. J Laryngol Otol 59: 309–333
Galambos R, Hicks GE, Wilson MJ (1984) The auditory brain stem response reliably predicts hearing loss in graduates of a tertiary intensive care nursery. Ear Hear 5: 254–260
Greenberg MT, Calderon R, Kusche C (1984) Early intervention using simultaneous communication with deaf infants: the effect on communication development. Child Dev 55: 607–616
Haggard MP (1990) Hearing screening in children — state of the art(s). Arch Dis Child 65: 1193–1198
Hall JW, Kilney PR, Ruth RA, Peters Kripal J (1987) Newborn auditory screening with Algo-1 vs. conventional auditory brainstem response. Presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Meeting, New Orleans LA. 15-11-1987
Hepper PG, Shahidullah BS (1994) Development of fetal hearing. Arch Dis Child 71: F81-F87
Hirasing RA, Dijk C van, Wagenaar-Fisher M, Verveen-Keulemans E, Moulijn-Joustra L, Smith A, Bernts B, Eerdenburg-Keuning I van, Kiers J (1991) Hearing screening in Well Baby Clinics in the Netherlands. Nederlandse Vereniging voor Jeugdgezondheidszorg, NVJG, Utrecht
Jacobson JT, Jacobson CA (1994) The effects of noise in transient EOAE newborn hearing screening. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 29: 235–248
Jacobson JT, Jacobson CA, Spahr RC (1990) Automated and conventional ABR screening techniques in high-risk infants. J Am Acad Audiol 1: 187–195
Jewett DL, Romano MN, Williston JS (1970) Human auditory evoked potentials: possible brain stem components detected on the scalp. Science 167: 1517–1518
Johnson MJ, Maxon AB, White KR, Vohr BR (1993) Operating a hospitalbased universal newborn hearing screening program using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Semin Hear 14: 46–56
Joint Commitee on Infant Hearing (1994) Position statement. ASHA 36: 38–41
Kemp DT, Ryan S (1991) Otoacoustic emission tests in neonatal screening programmes. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 482: 73–84
Kennedy CR, Kimm L, Cafarelli Dees D, Evans PIP, Hunter M, Lenton S, Thornton RD (1991) Otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 66: 1124–1129
Kilney PR (1988) New insights on infant ABR hearing screening. Scand Audiol [Suppl] 30: 81–88
Kuhl PK, Williams KA, Lacerda F, Stevens KN, Lindblom B (1992) Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science 255: 606–608
Markides A (1986) Age at fitting of hearing aids and speech intelligibility. Br J Audiol 20: 165–167
Martin JAM, Bentzen O, Colley JRT, Hennebert D, Holm C, Iurato S, Jonge GA de, Mc Cullen O, Meyer ML, Moore WJ, Morgon A (1981) Childhood deafness in the European Community. Scand Audiol 10: 165–174
Martin WH, Schwegler JW, Gleeson AL, Yong-Bing Shi (1994) New techniques of hearing assessment. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 27: 487–510
Mc Connell F, Liff S (1975) The rationale for early identification and intervention. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 8: 77–87
Mott, A, Emond A (1994) What is the role of the distraction test of hearing? Arch Dis Child 70: 10–13
NIH Consensus Statement. Early identification of hearing impairment in infants and young children (1993) Bethesda MD: Public Health Service National Institute of Health, Office of Medical Applications of Research 11: 1–24
Peters JG (1986) An automated infant screener using advanced evoked response technology. Hear J 39: 25–30
Prager DA, Stone DA, Rose DN (1987) Hearing loss screening in the neonatal intensive care unit: auditory brain stem response versus Crib-O-Gram; a cost effectiveness analysis. Ear Hear 8: 213–216
Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Bholasingh R (1994) Neonatal hearing screening with an automated infant ABR screener. Presented at the VIth International Congress of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. Rotterdam. 29. May-1 June 1994
Ramkalawan TW, Davis AC (1992) The effects of hearing loss and age of intervention on some language metrics in young hearing-impaired children. Br J Audiol 26: 97–107
Redemann E, Giebel A (1991) Neonatal hearing screening — a necessity in programs for the early detection of impairment. Presented at the 8th International Neonatal Screening Symposium Sydney Australia 12–15 November 1991
Robertson C, Aldridge S, Jarman F, Saunders K, Poulakis Z, Oberklaid F (1995) Late diagnosis of congenital sensorineural hearing impairment: why are detection methods failing? Arch Dis Child 72: 11–15
Stein LK, Jabaley T, Spitz R, Stoakley D, McGee T (1990) The hearing-impaired infant: patterns of identification and habilitation revisited. Ear Hear 11: 201–205
Stevens JC, Webb HD, Hutchinson J, Connell J, Smith MF, Buffin JT (1990) Click evoked otoacoustic emissions in neonatal screening. Ear Hear 11: 128–133
Stoel-Gammon C, Otomo K (1986) Babbling development of hearing-impaired and normally hearing subjects. J Speech Hear Disord 51: 33–41
Tucker SM, Bhatacharya J (1992) Screening of hearing impairment in the newborn using the auditory response cradle. Arch Dis Child 67: 911–919
Vademecum Gezondheidsstatistiek Nederland 1992. 's-Gravenhage 1994
Van den Brande Jl, Gelderen HH van, Monnens LAH (1990) Kindergeneeskunde Utrecht
Van Laar F (1973) Detection of hearing impairment in 9 month old infants (in Dutch). Tijdschr Soc Geneeskd 51: 625–629
Veen S, Sassen ML, Schreuder AM, Ens-Dokkum MH, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Brand R, Grote JJ, Ruys JH (1993) Hearing loss in very preterm and very low birthweight infants at the age of 5 years in a nationwide cohort. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 26: 11–28
Watkin PM, Baldwin M, McEnery G (1991) Neonatal at risk screening and the identification of deafness. Arch Dis Child 66: 1130–1135
White KR, Vohr BR, Maxon AB, Behrens TR, McPherson MG, Mauk GW (1994) Screening all newborns for hearing loss using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 29: 203–217
Wilson JGM, Jungner G (1968) Principles and practise of screening for disease. WHO, Geneva
Zorowka PG (1993) Otoacoustic emissions: a mew method to diagnose hearing impairment in children. Eur J Pediatr 152: 626–634
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oudesluys-Murphy, A.M., van Straaten, H.L.M., Bholasingh, R. et al. Neonatal hearing screening. Eur J Pediatr 155, 429–435 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01955176
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01955176