Skip to main content
Log in

Precambrian geology of the Adirondack highlands, a reinterpretation

  • Aufsätze
  • Published:
Geologische Rundschau Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die Gesteinsserien des Präkambriums in den Adirondack-Highlands wurde früher als Sedimente gedeutet, in welche während des Grenville-Orogenzyklus mehrfach Eruptiv-Intrusionen eindrangen. Dadurch sollen nacheinander das große Anorthosit-Massiv mit seinen Satelliten, zahlreiche Olivingabbro- und Dolerit-Körper, die Gneise der Quarz-Syenit- und Charnockit-Serie und die Granite entstanden sein. Eine andere Erklärung wird hier vorgeschlagen.

In zwei typischen Gebieten werden größere Körper von Anorthosit und von Gneisen der Quarz-Syenit- und Charnockit-Serie beschrieben, welche die Kerne der ummantelten Gneisdome und der Decken einnehmen. Sie sind Teile eines älteren Grundgebirges, das in einem früheren Prä-Grenville-Zyklus entstanden ist. Die meisten der heute bekannten „Grenville metasediments“ bestanden aus suprakrustalen Gesteinen, die auf der heute abgetragenen Oberfläche dieses Grundgebirges abgelagert wurden. Olivin-basaltisches Magma drang sowohl in das Grundgebirge als auch in die suprakrustalen Gesteine ein, wodurch Gabbro- und ophitische Doleritkörper entstanden. Der Grenville-Orogenzyklus (vor etwa 1,1×109 Jahren) metamorphisierte diese Gesteine zu dem Komplex der ummantelten Gneisdome, Falten und Decken. Die Geologie des älteren Grundgebirges ist durch die Grenville-Orogenese stark verändert worden.

Das Prä-Grenville-Grundgebirge besteht aus verhältnismäßig homogenen Meta-Anorthositen, Metanoriten, Charnockiten und Gneisen mit granitischer Zusammensetzung. Die suprakrustalen Gesteine kommen in gut bestimmten, stratigraphischen Abfolgen von verschiedenen Metasedimenten, Gneisen und Charnockiten vor. Konglomerate, Arkosen und saure Vulkanite dürften durch Metamorphose in geschieferte Gesteine granitischer Zusammensetzung übergegangen sein. Charnockite entstanden durch intensive Metamorphose der anfangs trockenen, vormals quarz- und feldspatreichen Gesteine, welche Metamorphite und Plutonite des Grundgebirges und saure Vulkanite der suprakrustalen Serie einschließen. Auch der Wassergehalt der Gesteine beeinflußte den Grad des Magmatismus während des Grenville-Orogenzyklus. Anatektischer Granit ist hauptsächlich an kleine, von Nebulit umgebene Granit-Körper und an die Anwesenheit von Venit-Migmatiten in metamorphen Gesteinen granitischer Zusammensetzung gebunden.

Abstract

The Precambrian geology of the Adirondack highlands was previously interpreted as a sedimentary terrane repeatedly invaded during the Grenville orogenic cycle by igneous intrusions to form successively the large anorthosite massif and satellites, numerous olivine gabbro and dolerite bodies, gneisses of the quartz-syenite and charnockite series, and granites. A reinterpretation is suggested.

In two representative areas major bodies of anorthosite and gneisses of the quartz-syenite and charnockite series are shown to occupy cores of mantled domes and nappes. They are parts of an older basement complex formed during an earlier, pre-Grenville orogenic cycle. Most of the now-recognizable “Grenville metasediments” were supracrustal rocks deposited on the denuded surface of this basement terrane. Olivine-basaltic magma invaded both the basement and the supracrustal rocks, forming gabbro and ophitic dolerite bodies. The Grenville orogenic cycle (ca. 1100 m.y. B.P.) deformed and metamorphosed all these rocks to a complex of mantled domes, folds, and nappes. The geology of the older basement rocks is heavily masked by the Grenville orogeny.

The pre-Grenville basement consists of relatively homogenous masses of metaanorthosite, metanorite, charnockite, and gneisses of granitic composition. The supracrustal rocks occur in well-defined stratigraphic sequences of varied metasediments, gneisses, and charnockites. Conglomerates, arkoses, and acidic volcanics may all metamorphose to foliated rocks of granitic composition. Charnockites formed by high-grade metamorphism of initially dry, pre-existing quartzofeldspathic rocks including metamorphic and plutonic igneous rocks in the basement complex and acidic volcanics in the supracrustal sequence. Water content of rocks also controlled the extent of magmatism during the Grenville orogenic period. Anatectic granite is mainly limited to small, nebulite-bordered granite bodies, and to the presence of venitic migmatites in metamorphosed rocks with granitic components.

Résumé

L'interprétation géologique Précambrienne des plateaux de l'Adirondack était considérée jusqu'à ce jour comme un terrain sédimentaire envahi à plusieurs reprises pendant le cycle orogénique de Grenville par des intrusions ignées pour former successivement le grand massif anorthosite et ses satellites, de nombreux corps gabbro-olivines et dolérites, des gneiss de séries quartzsyénites et charnockites, et des granites. Nous suggérons une réinterprétation.

Dans deux domaines représentatifs, les corps principaux d'anorthosite et les gneiss de séries quartz-syénite et charnockite se révèlent comme occupant les noyaux de dômes recouvertes et de nappes. Ce sont des parties d'un fond complexe plus ancien formé pendant un cycle orogénique pré-Grenville antérieur. La plupart des «métasédiments Grenville» maintenant reconnaissables étaient des roches sédimentaires et volcaniques, déposées sur la surface dénudée de ce terrain de fond. Le magma olivine-basaltique a envahi à la fois le fond et les roches sédimentaires et volcaniques, formant du gabbro et des corps ophitiques et dolérites.

Le cycle orogénique de Grenville (ca. 1100 m. y. B. P.) a déformé et métamorphosé toutes ces roches en une completié de dômes recouvertes, de plis et de nappes. La géologie des roches de fond plus anciennes est lourdement masquée par l'orogénie de Grenville.

Le fond pré-Grenville consiste en masses relativement homogènes de métaanorthosite, métanorite, charnockite et en gneiss de composition granitique. Les roches sédimentaires et volcaniques apparaissent en séries stratigraphiques bien définie d'une variété de métasédiments, de gneiss et de charnockite. Des conglomérates, des arkoses et des roches volcaniques acides peuvent toutes se métamorphoser en roches foliacées de composition granitique. Des charnockites ont dû leur formation à un métamorphisme à haut degré de roches quartzofeldspathiques pré-existantes, initialement sèches, y compris les roches ignées métamorphiques et plutoniques dans le système du fond et acidovolcaniques dans la roche sédimentaire et volcanique subséquente. Le contenu aqueux des roches contrôlait également l'importance du magmatisme pendant la période orogénique de Grenville. Le granite anatectique se réduit principalement à des corpuscules granitiques bordés de nébulite et à la présence de migmatites vénétiques dans des roches métamorphosées aux composants granitiques.

Краткое содержание

Были изучены прекемб рийские породы из Adirondack Highland'a в районе Сиракуз (CACIII). Выс казывается мнение о происхождении больших массивов ано ртозита и гнейсов в эт ой области.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Alling, H. L.: Some problems of the Adirondack Precambrian. - Am. Jour. Sci.,48, 47–68, 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argand, E.: Les nappes de recouvrement des Alpes Pennines et leurs prolongements structuraux. - Mat. pour la Carte Géol. de Suisse, nouv. sér.,31, Berne 1911.

  • Balk, R.: Structural geology of the Adirondack anorthosite. - Min. Pet. Mitt.,41, 308–434, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Geology of the Newcomb quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,290, 106 pp., 1932.

  • Berry, R. H.: Precambrian geology of the Putnam-Whitehall area, New York. Part I, Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1961.

  • Berry, R. H. &Walton, M.: The origin of the gneiss with anorthositic and charnockitic affinities, Putnam-Whitehall area, New York. - Part II, Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1961.

  • Berry, R. H. &Walton, M.: Origin of gneiss with anorthositic and charnockitic affinities, Putnam-Whitehall area, eastern Adirondacks, New York (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,68, p. 134, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. S.: Structure and primary mineralization of the zinc mine at Balmat, New York. - Econ. Geol.,31, 233–258, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. S. &Engel, A. E. J.: Revision of Grenville stratigraphy and structure in the Balmat-Edwards district, northwest Adirondacks, New York. - Geol. Soc. America Bull.,67, 1599–1622, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buddington, A. F.: Foliation of the gneissoid syenite-granite complex of Lewis County, New York. - New York States Mus. Bull.,207/208, 101–110, 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Granite phacoliths and their contact zones in the northwest Adirondacks. - New York State Mus. Bull.,281, 51–107, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Adirondack igneous rocks and their metamorphism. - Geol. Soc. America Mem.,7, 354 pp., 1939.

  • -: Origin of granitic rocks of the northwest Adirondacks. - In: Origin of granite, Gilluly, J., editor. - Geol. Soc. America Mem.,28, 21– 43, 1948.

  • -: Chemical petrology of some metamorphosed Adirondack gabbroic, syenitic and quartz syenitic rocks. - Am. Jour. Sci., Bowen volume, 37–84, 1952.

  • Cushing, H. P.: Recent geologic work in Franklin and St. Lawrence counties. - New York State Mus. Ann. Rep.,54, 23–82, 1902.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Structure of the anorthosite body in the Adirondacks. - Jour. Geol.,25, 501–509, 512– 514, 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, H. P. &Newland, D. H.: Geology of the Gouverneur quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,259, 122 pp., 1925.

  • De Waard, D.: Palingenetic structures in augen gneiss of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain. - Bull. Comm. Géol. Finlande,150, Comptes rendus, 23, 51–66, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Tectonics of a metagabbro laccolith in the Adirondack Mt., and its significance in determining top and bottom of a metamorphic series. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, B,64, 335–342, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Structure and composition of the Little Moose Mountain syncline in the southwestern Adirondack Mountains, New York (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,68, p. 162, 1962 (a).

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Structural analysis of a Precambrian fold: The Little Moose Mountain syncline in the southwestern Adirondacks. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, B,65, 404–417, 1962 (b).

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Precambrian recumbent folding and geologic development in the southwestern Adirondack Mountains (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,73, p. 138, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Garnet development and garnet isograds in the granulite facies terrane of the Adirondack highlands (abstract). - Am. Geophys. Union Trans.,45, p. 128, 1964 (a).

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Mineral assemblages and metamorphic subfacies in the granulite-facies terrane of the Little Moose Mountain syncline, southcentral Adirondack highlands. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, B.67, 1964 (b).

  • -: The occurrence of garnet in the granulite-facies terrane of the Adirondack highlands. - Jour. Petrol., in press.

  • De Waard, D. &Romey, W. D.: Boundary relationships of the Snowy Mountain anorthosite in the Adirondack Mountains. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, B,66, 251–264, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, E.: Geology of New York, Part II, Geology of the Second District. - Albany, 437 pp., 1842.

  • Hills, A. &Gast, P. W.: Age of pyroxene-hornblende granitic gneiss of the eastern Adirondacks by the Rb-Sr whole-rock method (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,76, p. 80, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, J. F.: Geology of the Lake Placid region. - New York State Mus. Bull.,21, 68 pp., 1898.

  • Krieger, M. H.: Geology of the Indian Lake quadrangle, New York. - U.S. Geol. Survey, unpub. rep., 1951.

  • Logan, W. E.: Geology of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Report of progress from its commencement to 1863, Montreal, 938 pp., 1863.

  • Mackie, W.: Seventy chemical analyses of rocks (chiefly from the Moray area). - Proc. Edinburgh Geol. Soc.,8, p. 58, 1905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. C.: The Precambrian rocks of the Canton quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,185, 112 pp., 1916.

  • Miller, W. J.: Origin of foliation in the Precambrian rocks of northern New York. - Jour. Geol.,24, 587–619, 1916.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Geology of the Blue Mountain, New York, quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,192, 68 pp., 1917.

  • —: Adirondack anorthosite. - Geol. Soc. America Bull.,29, 399–462, 1918.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: Geology of the Lake Placid quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,211/212, 104 pp., 1919.

  • -: Geology of the Lyon Mountain quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,271, 101 pp., 1926.

  • Rogers, C. L.: Geology of the Raquette Lake quadrangle, New York. - Unpub. rep., 1941.

  • Romey, W. D. &de Waard, D.: Evolution of anorthosite and associated rock suite in the Snowy Mountain dome, Adirondack highlands (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,76, p. 140, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sederholm, J. J.: Om granit och gneis. - Bull. Comm. Géol. Finlande,23, 110 pp., 1907.

  • Silver, L. T.: Isotope investigations of zircons in Precambrian igneous rocks of the Adirondack Mountains, New York (abstract).- Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,76, 150–151, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, C. H. &Buddington, A. F.: Geology of the Lake Bonaparte quadrangle. - New York State Mus. Bull.,269, 106 pp., 1926.

  • Stockwell, C. H.: A tectonic map of the Canadian shield. In: The tectonics of the Canadian shield, Stevenson, J. S., editor. - Royal Soc. Canada Spec. Publ.,4, 6–15, 1962.

  • Tilton, G. R., Davis, G. L., Hart, S. R. &Aldrich, L. T.: The ages of rocks and minerals. - Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book,61, 173–179, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, M.: Differential metamorphic mobilization and the Adirondack eruptive sequence (abstract). - Am. Geophys. Union Trans.,34, p. 350, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • -: The geologic setting of the Adirondack ore deposits. - Am. Inst. Mining & Metall. Eng., Industr. Minerals Div., 1954 Fall Meeting, Program abstracts, 4–6, 1954.

  • -: Precambrian geology of Elizabethtown, Port Henry, Paradox Lake, and Ticonderoga quadrangles. - In: Geologic map of New York, New York State Mus. & Sci. Serv., Geol. Surv. Map & Chart Ser.,5, 1962.

  • Walton, M. &de Waard, D.: Orogenic and stratigraphic development of the Precambrian in the Adirondack highlands (abstract). - Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper,73, p. 258, 1963 (a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, M. &de Waard, D.: Orogenic evolution of the Precambrian in the Adirondack highlands, a new synthesis. - Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, B,66, 98–106, 1963 (b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, M., Hills, A. &Hansen, E.: Compositionally zoned granitic pebbles in three metamorphosed conglomerates. - Am. Jour. Sci.,262, 1–25, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, M. &Turner, B.: Refolding of the Skiff Mountain tectonic unit attending emplacement of the Adirondack anorthosite (abstract). - Am. Geophys. Union Trans.,44, p. 106, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegmann, C. E.: Beispiele tektonischer Analysen des Grundgebirges in Finnland. - Bull. Comm. Géol. Finlande,87, 98–127, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

de Waard, D., Walton, M. Precambrian geology of the Adirondack highlands, a reinterpretation. Geol Rundsch 56, 596–629 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01848745

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01848745

Keywords

Navigation