Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Akinetic mutism following cranio-cerebral trauma. Physiopathological considerations based on sleep studies

  • Published:
Acta Neurochirurgica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Sleep patterns has been studied in patients in akinetic mutism due to head injury.

Completely organized sleep patterns occurred in 7 patients. Well organized sleep patterns, which lacked only the sleep phase with “desynchronized” EEG and rapid eye movements, were observed in 2 cases. Some atypical sleep-like EEG manifestations were recorded twice. Finally, no sign of sleep could be found in 3 patients.

Some correlation between sleep patterns and the clinical course of the akinetic mutism was apparent: well organized sleep patterns were frequently followed by favourable clinical progress and viceversa.

An attempt has been made to interpret the characteristics of the brain damage in the different cases observed by relating the type of sleep organization with what is known of the neurophysiological mechanisms of sleep itself.

Zusammenfassung

Bei Patienten mit akinetischem Mutismus als Folge von Schädelverletzungen wurden Untersuchungen der Schlafstrukturen durchgeführt.

Ein vollständig physiologisches Schlafverhalten war bei 7 Patienten festzustellen. Bei 2 Fällen fand sich eine gute Schlaforganisation, aber mit Fehlen derjenigen Schlafphase, die durch eine Desynchronisation des EEG und durch rasche Augenbewegungen charakterisiert ist. Zweimal wurden atypische schlafähnliche EEG-Veränderungen registriert. Bei 3 Patienten schließlich konnten keine Zeichen von Schlaf gefunden werden.

Es ließen sich gewisse Korrelationen zwischen dem Schlafverhalten und der Entwicklung des akinetischen Mutismus aufzeigen: Einem guten Grad von Schlaforganisation folgte häufig eine günstige Entwicklung des Krankheitsbildes und umgekehrt.

Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Charakteristika des Hirnschadens bei den verschiedenen beobachteten Fällen unter Berücksichtigung der Arten der Schlaforganisation und der bisherigen Erkenntnisse der neurophysiologischen Mechanismen des Schlafes zu interpretieren.

Résumé

On a étudié la structure électroencéphalographique du sommeil chez des patients présentant un mutisme akinétique à la suite d'un traumatisme crânio-cérébral.

Sept patients présentaient des tracés typiques de sommeil.

Chez deux patients, les tracés montraient une bonne organisation de sommeil; la phase de sommeil disparaissait avec les mouvements rapides des yeux, l'E.E.G. montrant alors une désynchronisation. Deux patients avaient des tracés atypiques de sommeil. Chez trois autres, il n'y avait aucune évidence électroencéphalographique de sommeil.

Il semblait exister une certaine relation entre le tracé de sommeil obtenu et l'évolution du mutisme akinétique; chez les patients qui présentèrent un tracé de sommeil, l'évolution était favorable et vice-versa.

A la lumière des connaissances actuelles des mécanismes neurophysiologiques du sommeil, et à l'analyse des tracés obtenus, les auteurs tentent d'interpréter les caractéristiques des lésions cérébrales.

Riassunto

La stmttura del sonno é stata studiata in pazienti in mutismo acinetico conseguente a trauma cranico.

Quadri di sonno completamente strutturati sono stati osservati in 7 casi. Una buona organizzazione del sonno, mancante tuttavia della fase di sonno con EEG «desincronizzato» e movimenti oculari rapidi, era presente in 2 casi. Qualche atipica manifestazione EEG di sonno é stata registrata in 2 casi. Infine, nessun segno di sonno é stato riscontrato in 3 casi.

Viene messo in evidenza un certo rapporto tra quadro di sonno ed evoluzione del mutismo acinetico: una buona organizzazione del sonno é frequentemente seguita da un'evoluzione favorevole e viceversa.

Un'ipotetica interpretatione delle caratteristiche del danno encefalico nei differenti casi osservati viene avanzata mettendo in rapporto il tipo di quadro di sonno con quanto é noto sui meccanismi neurofisiologici del sonno stesso.

Resumen

La estructura del sueño ha sido estudiada en pacientes con mutismo aquinético debido a traumas craneales.

En 7 enfermos se observaba un sueño tipico organizado. Un sueño profundo pero con carencia de él en algunas fases con EEG desincronizado y mivimientos rápidos de los ojos pudo observarse en 2 casos. Algún sueño atípico con manifestaciones electroencefalográficas se registró dos veces. Por ultimo signos de insomio fueron registrados en 3 pacientes.

Una cierta correlación entre los patrones tipo de sueño y su evolución hacia el mutismo aquinético era evidente: un buen grado de organizatión del sueño era frecuentemente seguida por una evolución favorable y viceversa.

Se ha hecho un intento de interpretatión de las caracteristicas de la afectación cerebral en los diferentes casos en relatión con el tipo de sueño con lo que se conoce en los mecanismos neurofisiológicos como el sueño propiamente dicho.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alajouanine, T., Les altérations des états de conscience causés par les désordres neurologiques. I. Congr. intern. Sci. Neurol., Ed. Actamed. belg., Bruxelles, 1957, 19–41.

  • Barris, R. W., andH. R. Shuman, Bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus lesions; syndrome of the anteriore cingulate gyri. Neurology3 (1953), 44–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biemond, A., Thrombosis of the basilar artery and the vascularization of the brain stem. Brain74 (1951), 300–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brage, D., R. Morea etR. Copello, Syndrome nécrotique tegmentothalamique avec mutism akinétique. Rev. Neurol.104 (1961), 126–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • —,E. A. Pedage etA. C. Napolitano, Stupeur hypothalamique par hydatide diencéphalo-hypophysaire. Rev. Neurol.93 (1955), 730–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bricolo, A., A. Gentilomo, G. Rosadini, andG. F. Rossi, Sleep patterns in chronic post-traumatic coma. Sistema Nervoso; in press.

  • Cairns, H., R. C. Oldfield, J. B. Pennybacker, andD. Whitteridge, Akinetic mutism with an epidermoid cyst of the third ventricle (with report of an associated disturbance of brain potentials). Brain64 (1941), 273–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cravioto, H., J. Silberman, andJ. Feigin, A clinical and pathologic study of akinetic mutism. Neurology10 (1960), 10–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, D. D., andJ. G. Lore, Akinetic mutism. Neurology8 (1958), 238–242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolce, G., eE. Kaemmerer, Contributo anatomo-clinico ed elettroencefalografico alla conoscenza della sindrome apallica. Studio dell'evoluzione dell'EEG da sonno in 5 casi. Sistema Nervoso29 (1967), 12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, H. C. H., andJ. J. Palmer, Vascular phenomena involving brain stem structures. A clinical and pathologic correlation study. Neurology6 (1956), 402–419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentilomo, A., C. Rivano eG. Rosadini, Studio elettroclinico longitudinale del coma cerebrale evolvente verso la sindrome apallica. Rass. Arch. Chir.4 (1966), 816–832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, M., Altered consciousness associated with brain stem lesions. Brain75 (1952), 55–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvet, M., Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. Physiol. Rev.47 (1967), 117–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • —,B. Pellin etD. Mounier, Etude polygraphique des différentes phases du sommeil au course des trouble de conscience chroniques (coma prolongés). Rev. Neurol.105 (1961), 181–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • - - etG. Tusini, Le sommeil au cours des comas prolongés. Colloque sur le coma, Lyon, (1960), 1–26.

  • Kennard, M. A., The cingulate gyrus in relation to consciousness. J. nerv. ment. Dis.121 (1955), 34–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmer, E., Das apallische Syndrom. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat.179 (1940), 576–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubik, C. S., andR. D. Adams, Occlusion of the basilar artery. A clinical and pathological study. Brain69 (1946), 73–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lhermitte, F., J. C. Gauthier, R. Martran etF. Chain, Troubles de la conscience et mutisme akinétique. Etude anatomo-clinique d'un rammollissement paramédian, bilatéral, du pédoncule cérébrale et du thalamus. Rev. Neurol.109 (1963), 115–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, C., L. Garello eC. Mastropaolo, Aspetti clinici di alcuni particolari stati di perdita di coscienza. A proposito del cosidetto « mutismo acinetico ». Arch. Patol. Neurol. Psychiat.21 (1960), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longman, J., eA. R. Tenuto, Mutismo acinetico. Arq. neuro-psichiat.14 (1956), 213–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moruzzi, G., Active processes in the brain stem during sleeping.The Harvey Lectures, Ser. 58, pp. 233–297. New York and London: Academic Press. 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, J. M., The cortical component of the akinetic mutism. J. Nerv. ment. Dis.114 (1951), 459–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisano, M., G. Rosadini, G. F. Rossi eJ. Zattoni, Profondità del sonno, movimenti oculari, EEG, EKG and EMG nell'uomo. Riv. Neurol.34 (1964), 46–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • — — — —, Relations between threshold of arousal and electroencephalographic patterns during sleep in man. Physiol. Behav.1 (1966), 55–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosadini, G., eA. Gentilomo, Quadri EEG di sonno nella sindrome apallica. Riv. di Neurol.37 (1967), 469–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, G. F., Sleep inducing mechanisms in the brain stem. EEG clin. Neurophysiol. 1963, suppl.24, 113–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, A hypothesis on the neural basis of consciousness. Acta Neurochir.12, (1964), 187–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Some aspects of the functional organization of the brain stem: neurophysiological and neuro-surgical observations, pp. 421–428 in De Vet A. C. (ed.) “Proceed. III intern. Congr. Neurol. Surg.”, Amsterdam, Excerpta Med. Found., Internat. Congr. Ser. n. 110, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • - Electrophysiology of sleep. In “Symposium on the Pathology of Sleep.” Bologna, 1967.

  • Strich, S. J., Altered states of consciousness due to white matter degeneration (I. Congr. Sci. neurol., Bruxelles; II. Journée comm., Acta med. belg. 1957, 111–114).

  • Sanguineti, J., eJ. Papo, II « mutismo acinetico ». Contributo anatomoclinico e considerazioni fisiopatologiche. Arch. Psicol. Neurol. Psychiat.19 (1958), 63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, A., Mutismo acinetico in un caso di lesione circoscritta monolaterale della regione pallido-talamica con attività elettroencefalografica di tipo « cerveau isolé ». Minerva Neurochirur.18 (1964), 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Supported in part by the Comunità Europea del Carbone e dell'acciaio (CECA, contract 6241-32/4/041).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bricolo, A., Gentilomo, A., Rosadini, G. et al. Akinetic mutism following cranio-cerebral trauma. Physiopathological considerations based on sleep studies. Acta neurochir 18, 68–77 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405672

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405672

Keywords

Navigation