Skip to main content
Log in

Mass culture of microalgae in aquaculture systems: Progress and constraints

  • Production and utilization of microalgae
  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Ackman, R. G., C. S. Tocher & J. McLachlan, 1968. Marine phytoplankter fatty acids. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 25: 1603–1620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aujero, E. J., O. Millamena, E. T. Tech & S. G. Javellana, 1983. Nutritional value of five marine phytoplankton species isolated from Philippines waters as food for the larvae of Penaeus monodon. Pap. presented at First int. Biennial Conf. Warm-Wat. Aquaculture-Crustacea BYU-Hawaii Campus, February 9–11, 1983.

  • Azov, Y., G. Shelef, R. Moraine & A. Levi, 1980. Controlling algal genera in high-rate wastewater oxidation ponds. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 243–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardach, J. E., J. H. Ryther & W. O. McLarney, 1972. Aquaculture. The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 686 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, E. W. & L. V. Venkataraman, 1982. Biotechnology and exploitation of algae. The Indian approach. Deutsche Ges. techn. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), GmbH Eschborn, Fedl Republic Germany, 216 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Anotz, A. & H. Rosenthal, 1981. Cryopreservation of marine unicellular algae and early life stages of fish for use in mariculture. Intensive aquaculture. Eur. Marie. Soc. Spec. Publ. 6, Bredene, Belgium: 149–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benemann, J. R., B. Koopman, J. Weissman, D. Eisenberg & R. Goebel, 1980. Development of microalgae harvesting and high-rate pond technologies in California. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 457–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berend, J., E. Simovitch & A. Ollian, 1980. Economic aspects of algal animal food production. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 799–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billard, R., 1980. La polyculture en étang. In R. Billard (ed.), La Pisciculture en Etang. INRA Publ. Paris: 269–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonin, D. J. & S. Y. Maestrini, 1981. Importance of organic nutrients for phytoplankton growth in natural environments: implications for algal species succession. Can. Bull. Fish. aquat. Sci. 210: 279–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonin, D. J., S. Y. Maestrini & J. W. Leftley, 1981. The role of hormones and vitamins in species succession of phytoplankton. Can. Bull. Fish. aquat. Sci. 210: 310–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borowitzka, L. J., M. A. Borowitzka & T. Moulton, 1984. The mass culture of Dunaliella salina for fine chemicals: from laboratory to pilot plant. Hydrobiologia (in press).

  • Bougis, P., 1976. Océanographie biologique appliquée. L'exploitation de la vie marine. Masson, Paris, 320 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, C. E. & Y. Musig, 1981. Orthophosphate uptake by phytoplankton and sediment. Aquaculture 22: 165–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, C. E., Y. Musig & L. Tucker, 1981. Effects of three phosphorus fertilizers on phosphorus concentrations and phytoplankton production. Aquaculture 22: 175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buri, P., 1978. The potential of algal culture in aquacultural enterprises. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 11: 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burzell, L. A., 1978. 5 technicians from Aquatic Farms, Ltd. Each brings his own specialized skill into the operation. Comml Fish Fmr 4: 20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuecas, L. & J. P. Riley, 1969. Component fatty acids of the total lipids of some marine phytoplankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 49: 97–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claus, C. & N. De Pauw, 1983. Ontwerp van een kommerciële nursery voor oesterbroed, gebruik makende van natuurlijk zeewater met toevoeging van voorgekweekt fytoplankton, in het westelijk deel van de Oosterschelde. Overeenkomst tussen de Direktie van de Visserijen van bet Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Nederland, en bet Laboratorium voor Marikultuur van de Rijksuniversiteit Gent, België, in bet kader van werkzaamheden van de werkgroep Marios. 58 pp. (M imeogr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Claus, C., N. De Pauw & E. Jaspers, 1981. Nursery culturing of bivalve molluscs. Eur. Marie. Soc. Spec. Publ. 7, Bredene, Belgium, 394 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • COST, 1978. Proposal for a coordination of research activities in the field of mariculture. Rep. from Seer. COST Senior Officials Comm. Eur. Cooperation in the Field of scient. & tech. Res. COST/58/78, 13 pp.

  • COST, 1983. Proposal for a research programme on: Selected Research in Aquaculture. COST project 41. Rep. of the Mgmt Comm. COST Project 46 on Marie. to COST Senior Officials Comm., COST/ 226/83, Brussels.

  • Davis, J. S., 1978. Biological communities of a nutrient enriched salina. Aquat. Bot. 4: 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw, N., 1981. Use and production of microalgae as food for nursery bivalves. In C. Claus, N. De Pauw & E. Jaspers (eds.), Eur. Marie. Soc. Spec. Publ. 7, Bredene, Belgium: 35–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw, N., L. De Leenheer, H. Verlet & M. Duchy, 1979. Culturing of marine microscopic algae. ICES, Marie. Comm. F54: 185–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw, N., P. Laureys & J. Morales, 1981. Mass cultivation of Daphnia magna Straus on ricebran. Aquaculture 25: 141–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw, N. & G. Pruder, 1984. Use and production of microalgae as food in aquaculture. In M. Bilio, H. Rosenthal & G. J. Sindermann (eds.), Realism in aquaculture: achievements, constraints, perspectives (in press).

  • De Pauw, N. & E. Van Vaerenbergh, 1983. Microalgal wastewater treatment systems: potentials and limits. In P. F. Ghetti (ed.), Phytodepuration and the employment of the biomass produced. Centro Ric. Produz. Animali, Reggio Emilia, Italy: 211–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw, N., J. Verboven & C. Claus, 1983. Large scale microalgae production for nursery rearing of marine bivalves. Aquae. Engng 2: 27–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand-Chastel, H., 1980. Production and use of Spirulina in Mexico. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 51–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P., 1980. A review of recycling organic wastes into fish with emphasis on the tropics. Aquaculture 21: 261–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P., O.-A. Sinchumpasak & M. Tabucanon, 1981. The harvest of microalgae from the effluent of a sewage fed high rate stabilization pond by Tilapia nilotica. Part 2: Studies of the fish ponds. Aquaculture 23: 107–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epifanio, C. E., 1979a. Comparison of yeast and algal diets for bivalve molluscs. Aquaculture 16: 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epifanio, C. E., 1979b. Growth in bivalve molluscs: nutritional effect of two or more species of algae in diets fed to the American oyster Crassostrea virginica and the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Aquaculture 18: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epifanio, C. E., C. C. Valenti & C. L. Turk, 1981. A comparison of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana as foods for the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture 23: 247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaak, A. R. & C. E. Epifanio, 1978. Dietary protein levels and growth of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol. 45: 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. D., 1980. An integrated village health system. In Proc. Nat. Works. Algal Systems. Indian Soc. Biotechnol., Shri A.M.M. Murugappa Chettiar Res. Centre, Photosynthesis & Energy Div., Tharamani, Madras: 135–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, J. C. & J. H. Ryther, 1976. Temperature-influenced species competition in mass cultures of marine phytoplankton. Biotechnol. Bioengng 18: 1125–1144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groeneweg, J. & M. Schlüter, 1981. Mass production of freshwater rotifers on liquid wastes, 2. Mass production of Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg 1838 in the effluent of high-rate algal ponds used for the treatment of piggery waste. Aquaculture 25: 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, L. W., 1979. Flagenated protozoans predatory on masscultured Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin. Contr. 40, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Instn, 47 pp. (Mimeogr.).

  • Hanson, J. A. & H. L. Goodwin, 1977. Shrimp and prawn farming in the western hemisphere. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pa., 439 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidu, H. & R. Ukeles, 1962. Dried unicellular algae as food for the larvae of the hard shell clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Proc. natn. Shellfish. Ass. 53: 85–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, H., 1979. Rotifer culture in Japan. In E. Styczynska-Jurewicz, T. Backiel, E. Jaspers & G. Persoone (eds.), Cultivation of fish fry and its live food. Eur. Marie. Soc., Spec. Publ. 4, Bredene, Belgium: 361–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, H., Y. Mori & M. Watanabe, 1975. Rearing of prawn larvae, Penaeus japonicus, fed soy-cake particles and diatoms. Mar. Biol. 29: 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, B. R., 1979. Experiments on the rearing of larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. Aquaculture 18: 215–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huet, M., 1970. Traité de Pisciculture, 4e Edit. Editions De Wijngaert, Bruxelles, 718 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imai, T., 1977. Aquaculture in shallow seas. Progress in shallow sea culture. Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi, India, 615 pp. (transld from Jap.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. A., A. Kanazawa & K. Ono, 1979. Studies on the nutritional requirements of the larval stages of Penaeusjaponicus using micro-encapsulated diets. Mar. Biol. 54: 261–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, A., S. Tokiwa & M. Kayama, 1977. Essential fatty acids in the diet of prawn, I. Effects of linoleic and linolenic acids on growth. Bull. jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 43: 1111–1114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayama, M., M. Hirata, A. Kanazawa, S. Tokiwa & M. Saito, 1980. Essential fatty acids in the diet of prawn, 3. Lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition. Bull. jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 46: 483–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi, K., 1980. Microalgae production systems in Asia. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korringa P., 1976. Farming marine organisms low in the food chain. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science, 1. Elsevier Scient. Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 264 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landner, L., 1976. Eutrophication of lakes. WHO ICP/CEP 210: 78 pp.

  • Langdon, C. J. & M. J. Waldock, 1981. The effect of algal and artificial diets on the growth and fatty acid composition of Crassostrea gigas spat. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 61: 431–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavoie, A. & J. de la Noüe, 1983. Harvesting microalgae with chitosan and economic feasibility. Pap. presented at Annual Meeting of Wld Marie. Soc., Washington, 9–13 January, 1983.

  • Léger, Ph., P. Sorgeloos & G. F. Bieber, 1984. International study on Artemia, 33. Promising results in larval rearing of Penaeus stylirostris using a prepared diet as algal substitute and for Artemia enrichment. Pap. presented at Annual Meeting of Wld Marie. Soc., Vancouver, B. C., Canada, 18–21 March 1984.

  • Le Roux, S., 1975. Influence de Prymnesium parvum sur la 'ali-mentation des larvas de moules. Haliotis 5: 35–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, E. P. & D. T. Hill, 1980. An integrated microalgae system. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 229–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loosanoff, V. L. & H. C. Davis, 1963. Rearing of bivalve molluscs. Adv. mar. biol. 1: 1–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loosanoff, V. L., J. E. Hanks & A. E. Ganaros, 1957. Control of certain forms of zooplankton in mass algal cultures. Science 125: 1092–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestrini, S. Y. & D. J. Bonin, 1981. Competition among phytoplankton based on inorganic macronutrients. Can. Bull. Fish. aquat. Sci. 210: 264–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milligan, D. J., J. A. Quick, S. E. Hill, J. A. Morris & R. J. Hover, 1980. Sequential use of bacteria, algae and brine shrimp to treat industrial wastewater at pilot plant scale. In G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers (eds.), The brine shrimp Artemia, 3. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium: 193–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, H., 1980. Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass from mass cultures of microalgae. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 547–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moraine, R., G. Shelef, E. Sandbank, Z. Bar-Moshe & L. Shvartzburd, 1980. Recovery of sewage-grown algae: flocculation, flotation, and centrifugation techniques. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 531–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales, J. & J. de la Noüe, unpubl. Harvesting of selected marine phytoplankton species by chitosan flocculation.

  • Moriarty, D. J. W., 1973. The physiology of digestion of bluegreen algae in the cichlid fish, Tilapia nilotica. J. Zool., (Lond.) 171: 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigam, B. P., P. K. Ramanathan & L. V. Venkataraman, 1980. Application of chitosan as a flocculant for the cultures of the green alga: Scenedesmus acutus. Arch. Hydrobiol. 88: 378–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noriega-Curtis, P., 1981. La agropiscicultura en China. Instituto nacional de investigaciones sobre recursos bioticos. Xalapa, Mexico, 46 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olguin, E. J. & J. M. Vigueras, 1981. Unconventional food production at the village level in a desert area of Mexico. Proc:. 2nd Wld Congr. Chem. Eng., Montreal, Canada, 4–9 October.

  • Oswald, W. J., J. R. Benemann, B. L. Koopman, 1977. Production of biomass from freshwater aquatic systems — concepts of large scale bioconversion systems using microalgae. In Proc. Fuels Biomass Symp., Univ. Illinois, Champaign: 59–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persoone, G. & C. Claus, 1980. Mass culture of algae: a bottleneck in the nursery culturing of molluscs. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 265–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, F. J., L. J. Borowitzka, M. A. Borowitzka, B. Mackay & T. Moulton, 1983. The protozoa of a Western Australian hypersaline lagoon. Hydrobiologia 105: 95–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provasoli, L., D. E. Conklin & A. S. D'Agostino, 1970. Factors inducing fertility in aseptic Crustacea. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 20: 443–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prowse. G. A., 1966. A review of the methods of fertilizing warm-water fish ponds in Asia and the Far East. FAO Fish. Rep. 44(3): 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruder, G. D., 1981. Aquatic production systems: algae. In C. Claus, N. De Pauw & E. Jaspers (eds.), Nursery Culturing of bivalve molluscs. Eur. Maric. Soc. Spec. Publ. 7, Bredene, Belgium: 219–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruder, G. D. & E. E. Greenhaugh, 1978. Bivalve molluscs rearing process. United States Patent 4,080,930. March 28, 1978, 4 pp

  • Pryor, T. A., 1978. ‘Systemculture’ works on Oahu. Culture of phytoplankton provides feed for oyster farm. Comml Fish Fmr 4(3): 24–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymont, J. E. G. & M. N. E. Adams, 1958. Studies on the mass culture of Phaeodactylum. Limnol. Ocenogr. 3: 119–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riva, A. & P. Lelong, 1981. Growth of juvenile bivalve molluscs associated with continuous cultures of natural marine phytoplankton (Western Mediterranean, France). In C. Claus, N. De Pauw & E. Jaspers (eds.), Nursery culturing of bivalve molluscs. Eur. Maric. Soc. Spec. Publ. 7, Bredene, Belgium: 253–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert, J. M., S. Y. Maestrini, M. Bages, J. P. Dréno & E. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 1979. Estimation, au moyen de tests biologiques, de la fertilité pour trois diatomées des eaux des claires a huitres de Vendée. Oceanol. Acta 2: 275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodhouse, P. G., B. Ottway & G. M. Burnell, 1981. Bivalve production and food chain efficiency in an experimental nursery system. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 61: 243–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roels, O. A., K. C. Haines & J. B. Sunderlin, 1976. The potential yield of artificial upwelling mariculture. In G. Persoone & E. Jaspers (eds.), Proc. 10th eur. Symp. mar. Biol., 1. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium: 381–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, W., 1978. Algae in culture and nature. Mitt. int. Ver. theor. angew. Limnol. 21: 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbard, S., 1975. Control of Euplotes sp. by formalin in growth tanks of Chlorella sp. used as growth medium for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis which serves as feed for hatchlings. Bamidgeh 27(4): 100–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubright, J. S., J. L. Harrell, H. W. Holcomb & J. C. Parker, 1981. Responses of planktonic and benthic communities to fertilizer and feed applications in shrimp mariculture ponds. J. Wld Maric. Soc. 12: 281–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryther, J. H. & J. C. Goldman, 1975. Microbes as food in mariculture. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 29: 429–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandbank, E. & B. Hepher, 1980. Microalgae grown in wastewater as an ingredient in the diet of warmwater fish. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder(eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 697–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sansregret, J. L. & J. de la Noüe, 1983. Culture d'algues marines sur milieux enrichis. Projet de recherche presenté à l'Université Laval (Quebec, Canada), 11 pp.

  • Sayed, M. A., 1981. Effect of silt on the growth of Crassostrea virginica. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Delaware, Newark, Del. USA. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, A. P. & C. Middleton, 1979. Unicellular algae as a food for turbot (Scophtalmus maximus L.) larvae — The importance of dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Aquaculture 18: 227–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scura, E. D., A. M. Kuljis, R. H. York Jr. & R. S. Le Goff, 1979. The commercial production of oysters in an intensive raceway system. In J. W. Avault Jr. (ed.), 10th Annual Meeting World Mariculture Soc. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 624–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelef, G., Y. Azov, R. Moraine & G. Oron, 1980. Algal mass production as an integral part of a wastewater treatment and reclamation system. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 163–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelef, G., G. Oron & R. Moraine, 1978. Economic aspects of microalgae production on sewage. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 11: 281–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelef, G. & C. J. Soeder, (eds.), 1980. Algae Biomass. Production and Use. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 852 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigueno, K., 1975. Shrimp culture in Japan. Ass. int. Tech. Promotion, Tokyo, Japan, 153 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soeder, C. J., 1978. Economic considerations concerning the autotrophic production of microalgae at the technical scale. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 11: 259–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soeder, C. J., 1980. Massive cultivation of microalgae: results and prospects. Hydrobiologia 72: 197–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soong, P., 1980. Production and development of Chlorella and Spirulina in Taiwan. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (eds.), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 97–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorgeloos, P., 1974. The influence of algal food preparation on its nutritional efficiency for Anemia salina L. larvae. Thalassia Yugosl. 10: 313–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorgeloos, P., M. Baeza-Mesa, E. Bossuyt, E. Bruggeman, J. Dobbeleir, D. Versichele, E. Lavina & A. Bernardino, 1980. Culture of Artemia on rice bran: the conversion of a waste-product into highly nutritive animal protein. Aquaculture 21: 393–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. R., (ed.), 1973. Handbook of phycological methods. Culture methods and growth measurements. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 448 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swingle, H. S., 1968. Fish kills caused by phytoplankton blooms and their prevention. FAO Fish Rep. 44: 407–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamas, G., 1979. Rearing of common carp fry and mass cultivation of its food organisms in ponds. In E. Styczynska-Jurewicz, T. Backiel, E. Jaspers & G. Persoone (eds.), Cultivation of fish fry and its live food. Eur. Maric. Soc. Spec. Publ. 4, Bredene, Belgium: 281–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taub, F. B., 1970. Algal culture as a source of food. Proc. Wld Maric. Soc. 1: 101–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenney, M. W. & W. Stumm, 1965. Chemical flocculation of microorganisms in biological waste treatment. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 37: 1370–1388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevaillon, A., R. Johnston, D. M. Finlayson & N. T. Nicoll, 1973. Studies in the bivalve, Tellina tenuis Da Costa, IV. Further experiments in enriched sea water. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 11: 189–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ukeles, R., 1976. 4. Cultivation of plants, 4.l. Unicellular plants. In O. Kinne (ed.), Marine Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York 3: 367–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J., P. Léger, P. Vanhaecke & P. Sorgeloos, 1984. Quality evaluation of brine shrimp Artemia cysts produced in Asian salt ponds. Hydrobiologia 108: 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walne, P. R., 1970. Studies on the food value of nineteen genera of algae to juvenile bivalves of the genera Ostrea, Crassostrea, Mercenaria and Mytilus. Minist. Agric., Fish. & Food (London). Fish. Invest. 25(5): 62 pp.

  • Walne, P. R., 1974. Culture of bivalve molluscs, 50 years experience at Conwy. Fishing News (Books) Ltd. West Byfleet, Great Britain, 173 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walne, P. R., 1976. Factors affecting the relation between feeding and growth in bivalves. In O. Devik (ed.), Harvesting polluted waters. Plenum Press, New York: 169–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, T., C. Kitajima & S. Fujita, 1983. Nutritional values of live organisms used in Japan for mass propagation of fish: a review. Aquaculture 34: 115–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A. S., 1979. Aquaculture and algae culture. Process and production. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, N.J., 310 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, K. L. & F. L. Chu, 1982. Phytoplankton as a food source for bivalve larvae. In G. D. Pruder, C. Langdon & D. Conklin (eds.), Biochemical and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition. Wld Maric. Soc. Spec. Publ. 2, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 272–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. H., 1978. The food value of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin to the larvae of Ostrea edulis L. and Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Aquaculture 13: 313–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. H., 1979. Observations on the grazing rates and growth of Ostrea edulis L. larvae when fed algal cultures of different ages. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 38: 187–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witt, U., P. H. Koske, D. Kuhlmann, J. Lenz & W. Nellen, 1981. Production of Nannochloris sp. (Chlorophyceae) in large scale outdoor tanks and its use as a food organism in marine aquaculture. Aquaculture 23: 171–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurtz-Arlet, J., 1980. La fertilisation des étangs. In R. Billard (ed.), La pisciculture en étang. INRA Publ. Paris: 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yone, Y., 1978. Essential fatty acids and lipid requirement of marine fish. In Jap. Soc. scient. Fish, Dietary lipids in aquaculture. Koseisha-Koseikaku, Tokyo: 3–59.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

De Pauw, N., Morales, J. & Persoone, G. Mass culture of microalgae in aquaculture systems: Progress and constraints. Hydrobiologia 116, 121–134 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027650

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027650

Keywords

Navigation