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Diversity and copper resistance of Xanthomonas affecting citrus

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Abstract

Since citrus canker was first described in the early 1900’s, four major types and three species of pathogenic xanthomonads associated to citrus were identified based on the characteristic symptoms and host range. Type A, caused by X. citri subsp. citri, develops typical raised cankered lesions and is pathogenic on most commercial citrus species and cultivars. Types B and C are caused by X. citri pv. aurantifolii which elicits canker lesions. Besides the typical type A, the more aggressive and most widely spread type, other subtypes have been described, such as type A*, type Aw, type A-Manatee, type A-Miami, type A-minus pthA, and type-A etrog. The type B strains are found only in Argentina and are more pathogenic on lemon and less aggressive on sweet orange, tangerines and grapefruit. The type C strains are found only in Brazil and are pathogenic only on Key lime. X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis, formerly known as type E, causes citrus bacterial spot and is more aggressive on trifoliate citrus and its hybrids. Lesions caused by citrus bacterial spot are flat or sunken and not raised. Several subtypes of X. citri subsp. citri have also been identified. Besides the differences in pathogenicity, xanthomonads may also vary in their sensitivity to copper. Copper resistance has been reported for strains of X. citri subsp. citri and X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis and is conferred by the gene clusters copLAB or copABCD. Resistance to copper has serious implications for the use of copper-based bactericides, which are the most important chemicals for the control of diseases caused by Xanthomonas on citrus.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Araraquara, São Paulo, 14.807-040, Brazil

    Franklin Behlau

  2. Citrus Pathology, EEA INTA Bella Vista, Bella Vista, 3432, Corrientes, Argentina

    Alberto M. Gochez

  3. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Jeffrey B. Jones

Authors
  1. Franklin Behlau
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  2. Alberto M. Gochez
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  3. Jeffrey B. Jones
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Contributions

FB and AG performed the literature search and wrote the manuscript. FB, AG, JBJ critically revised the text. FB performed the final editing and formatting.

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Correspondence to Franklin Behlau.

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Supplementary Figure 1

Reaction of Duncan grapefruit leaves 14 days after infiltration inoculation of a typical type A strain (A306), its pthA4 mutant (A306ΔpthA4), an unique type A minus pthA4 strain (Xc-2090), and its complementation with pthA4 (Xc-2090:pthA4). Canker-like symptoms were observed only for A306 and Xc-2090:pthA4. A306ΔpthA4 and Xc-2090 did not develop erumpent lesions but a weaker undetermined reaction. Bacterial suspensions were infiltrated at 5 × 105 CFU/mL. Knock out of gene pthA4 in A306 was performed using vector pOK1. Xc-2090:pthA4 is a transconjugant carrying pLAFR3:pthA4. (JPG 294 kb)

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Behlau, F., Gochez, A.M. & Jones, J.B. Diversity and copper resistance of Xanthomonas affecting citrus. Trop. plant pathol. 45, 200–212 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-020-00340-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-020-00340-1

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