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Politics and Heritage in Egypt: One and a Half Years After the Lotus Revolution

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Abstract

With the break-in in the Egyptian Museum at the height of the ‘Lotus Revolution’ in January 2011 many heritage experts thought they saw their worst dreams come true: another ‘cradle of civilization’ threatened. One and a half years later the ‘½ Revolution’ did not bring the Egyptians the much desired prosperity. In the contrary, much seems to be worse than before January 2011 and unfortunately the heritage sector is no exception. Massive looting arose after the revolution and continues till today. This article tries to answer who these looters are and why the plunder of archaeological sites continues. Yet, many locals defended the sites in their vicinity. How come the local population felt connected to this heritage. For over 10 years they have been forbidden to enter the sites and the authorities even consider them a nuisance who need to be hidden for the massive tourist industry. The post-colonial narrative sheds much light on all these questions. It is noted that there is a huge lack of local involvement in Egyptian heritage as well as an almost absent scientific involvement of local scholars in Egyptology. There are signs that with the new government this will change. Firstly, western Egyptologists seem to realize they need to pay more attention to public/community archaeology and secondly, it is expected that Islamic heritage will be stressed in the coming years perhaps at the cost of Egyptology.

Résumé

De nombreux spécialistes du patrimoine ont pensé que leur pire cauchemar se réalisait lorsqu’en janvier 2011 des individus s’introduisirent par effraction dans le Musée égyptien du Caire : à nouveau, un « berceau de la civilisation » se trouvait menacé. Un an et demi plus tard, la « demie Révolution » n’a pas apporté aux Égyptiens la prospérité tant souhaitée. Au contraire, dans de nombreux cas les choses semblent aller plus mal qu’avant janvier 2011, et malheureusement, le domaine du patrimoine ne fait pas exception. Un pillage massif eut lieu après la révolution et continue aujourd’hui. Cet article cherche à montrer qui sont ces pilleurs et pourquoi le pillage des sites archéologiques se poursuit. Malgré cela, de nombreux habitants locaux ont défendu les sites alentour. Pourquoi les populations locales se sont-elles senties liées à ce patrimoine ? Pendant plus de dix ans ont leur avait interdit de pénétrer sur ces site et les autorités les considéraient même comme une nuisance qu’il fallait tenir cachée, pour ne pas gêner le tourisme et son industrie colossale. Une approche post-coloniale permet d’éclairer toutes ces questions. On note le très faible niveau d’engagement local en faveur du patrimoine égyptien de même qu’un très faible engagement scientifique de la part des égyptologues locaux. Il semble que l’arrivée du nouveau gouvernement pourrait changer les choses. En premier lieu, les égyptologues occidentaux semblent se rendre compte qu’ils doivent prêter une plus grande attention à l’archéologie publique/associative. En second lieu, on peut s’attendre à ce que le patrimoine islamique fasse l’objet d’une plus grande attention au cours des années à venir, au détriment de l’égyptologie.

Resumen

Con el allanamiento en el Museo Egipcio en plena “Revolución de Lotus” en enero de 2011, muchos expertos en patrimonio cultural pensaron que verían hacerse realidad sus peores sueños: otra “cuna de la civilización” amenazada. Un año y medio después, la “Revolución Blanca” no ha traído a los egipcios la muy deseada prosperidad. Al contrario, mucho parece ser peor que antes de enero de 2011 y desgraciadamente el sector del patrimonio cultural no es ninguna excepción. Después de la revolución surgió un saqueo masivo que continúa hasta hoy. El presente artículo trata de responder sobre quiénes son estos saqueadores y por qué continúa el pillaje de los emplazamientos arqueológicos. Sin embargo, muchos lugareños defendieron los emplazamientos en su vecindad. Cómo llegó a sentirse conectada la población local con este patrimonio cultural. Durante más de 10 años, se les ha prohibido entrar en los emplazamientos y las autoridades incluso les consideran una molestia que es necesario ocultar a la masiva industria turística. La narrativa postcolonial arroja mucha luz sobre todas estas cuestiones. Se observa que hay una enorme falta de implicación local en el patrimonio cultural egipcio así como también una implicación casi ausente de los eruditos locales en Egiptología. Existen signos de que con el nuevo gobierno esto cambiará. En primer lugar, los egiptólogos occidentales parecen darse cuenta de que necesitan prestar más atención a la arqueología pública/comunitaria y, en segundo lugar, se espera que el patrimonio cultural islámico sea destacado en los próximos años quizás a costa de la Egiptología.

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Teijgeler, R. Politics and Heritage in Egypt: One and a Half Years After the Lotus Revolution. Arch 9, 230–251 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-013-9231-6

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