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Linking leaf elemental traits to biomass across forest biomes in the Himalayas

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Abstract

Plants require a number of essential elements in different proportions for ensuring their growth and development. The elemental concentrations in leaves reflect the functions and adaptations of plants under specific environmental conditions. However, less is known about how the spectrum of leaf elements associated with resource acquisition, photosynthesis and growth regulates forest biomass along broad elevational gradients. We examined the influence of leaf element distribution and diversity on forest biomass by analyzing ten elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) in tree communities situated every 100 meters along an extensive elevation gradient, ranging from the tropical forest (80 meters above sea level) to the alpine treeline (4200 meters above sea level) in the Kangchenjunga Landscape in eastern Nepal Himalayas. We calculated community-weighted averages (reflecting dominant traits governing biomass, i.e., mass-ratio effect) and functional divergence (reflecting increased trait variety, i.e., complementarity effect) for leaf elements in a total of 1,859 trees representing 116 species. An increasing mass-ratio effect and decreasing complementarity in leaf elements enhance forest biomass accumulation. A combination of elements together with elevation explains biomass (52.2% of the variance) better than individual elemental trait diversity (0.05% to 21% of the variance). Elevation modulates trait diversity among plant species in biomass accumulation. Complementarity promotes biomass at lower elevations, but reduces biomass at higher elevations, demonstrating an interaction between elevation and complementarity. The interaction between elevation and mass-ratio effect produces heterogeneous effects on biomass along the elevation gradient. Our research indicates that biomass accumulation can be disproportionately affected by elevation due to interactions among trait diversities across vegetation zones. While higher trait variation enhances the adaptation of species to environmental changes, it reduces biomass accumulation, especially at higher elevations.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42030508) and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0301). Nita Dyola was supported by CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship Program for International Ph.D. students. Josep Peñuelas was supported by Spanish Government (Grant Nos. PID2019-110521GB-I00 and TED2021-132627B-I00), the Catalan Government (Grant No. SGR 2017-1005) and the Fundación “Ramón Areces” (Grant No. CIV-P20A6621). J. Julio Camarero was supported by the Spanish Government (Grant No. RTI2018-096884-B-C31). The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Government of Nepal, is especially acknowledged for granting research permission.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Nita Dyola, Eryuan Liang, Shalik Ram Sigdel, Wentao Lin & Yongwen Liu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Nita Dyola

  3. Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada

    Nita Dyola & Sergio Rossi

  4. Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, CSIC, E-08193, Catalonia, Spain

    Josep Peñuelas

  5. Cerdanyola del Vallès, CREAF, E-08193, Catalonia, Spain

    Josep Peñuelas

  6. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain

    J. Julio Camarero

  7. Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany

    Sugam Aryal

  8. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Xiang Liu

  9. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Xingliang Xu

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  1. Nita Dyola
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Dyola, N., Liang, E., Peñuelas, J. et al. Linking leaf elemental traits to biomass across forest biomes in the Himalayas. Sci. China Earth Sci. 67, 1518–1528 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1271-4

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