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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nutrient mass balance of a large riverine reservoir in the context of water residence time variability

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Abstract

The excessive input of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from anthropogenic activities is the main reason behind the cultural eutrophication and algal blooms in freshwater ecosystems. Here, I present a comprehensive budget of N, P for a large reservoir (Lake Diefenbaker) within a highly cultivated watershed. I constructed a 4-year nutrient budget from 2011 to 2014, using grab samples and daily flow data, and a multi-decadal (1978 through 2014) budgeting to examine the effect of inter-annual variability of water residence time on retention of N and P, and if retention of N and P is affected differently. The 4-year budget showed that the reservoir was a net source of total nitrogen (TN) during 2011 and 2014, but a net sink during 2012 and 2013. This resulted in retention coefficients of − 35% and − 4% in 2011 and 2014, respectively. With respect to the total phosphorus (TP) budget, the reservoir acted as a net sink in all 4 years, with a mean retention coefficient of 87%. Consistent with findings of the 4-year budget, the results of the multi-decadal budgeting showed that the reservoir was a net sink for TP during the period of record with a mean retention of 81% (1583 t/year). Regarding TN, the mean retention was lower (49%, 4836 t/year) and more variable relative to TP over the long term. Unlike TP, the results showed that the retention of TN has been decreasing noticeably since 1978. Overall, the retention of TP in this lake is primarily controlled by in-lake sedimentation and most likely does not change substantially in response to inter-annual variation of hydraulic variables such as water residence time. For TN, the role of sedimentation could be minor in retention process in this reservoir (or similar reservoirs elsewhere), but in-lake biological processes could play a more important role. These findings are useful for understanding the role of larger reservoirs with water residence time of 1–3 years in nutrient retention and how changes in flow and water residence time due to climate variability and water management can influence the nutrient retention efficiency.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

I greatly appreciate the critical and constructive comments from the reviewers. I thank the Saskatchewan Water Security Agency for providing access to the long-term data.

Funding

The water quality data of the 4-year study were collected during my PhD, funded by grants awarded to Dr. Jeff Hudson through the Global Institute for Water Security, the Saskatchewan Water Security Agency (WSA-2014A-0001) and NSERC (RGPIN-250060-20).

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    Farshad Shafiei

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This manuscript is from a data chapter of my defended/passed PhD dissertation. I am the only contributor of this manuscript including the analyses and the writing.

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Shafiei, F. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nutrient mass balance of a large riverine reservoir in the context of water residence time variability. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 39082–39100 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13297-8

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