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Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

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Abstract

Monazite ((Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4) is a rare and strategic mineral that occurs naturally as an accessory and minor mineral in diverse igneous and metamorphic rocks. This mineral does not frequently form mineable ore deposits and it has different typologies, including those formed by endogenous processes (generally “yellow monazite” mineralizations) and those formed by exogenous processes (“gray monazite” mineralizations). The mineral is an important ore of Rare Earth Elements (REEs), which have been identified by the European Union as critical raw materials. Monazite can be considered a weathering-resistant mineral, and the mobility of the REE and associated elements is low. The study reported here concerns a mineralogical and geochemical assessment of the occurrence and risks associated with the presence of concentrations of monazite in a typical, well-developed, and representative red Mediterranean soil, in order to establish the associated risk with their future mining. The results confirmed that monazite ore is particularly poor in radioactive elements, and it is concentrated in the most surficial soil horizons. The chemical mobility of REEs present in the soil, as assessed by selective extraction with ammonium acetate in acidic media, follows the order Y > Dy > U > Tb > Gd > Eu > Sm > La > Th > Ce. The mobility of REEs contained in monazite proved to be higher than that of the REE compounds in the upper horizons of the soil profile suggesting the immobilization in other REE-containing minerals, while light REEs show lower mobility rates than heavy REEs, due to an immobilization of LREE by sorption with iron oxy-hydroxides. Further studies are required in order to obtain better speciation data for REEs in soils aimed to identify soluble and insoluble compounds.

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Availability of data and materials

Pablo L. Higueras, Full Professor, PhD, as responsible of the manuscript entitled “Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, South Central Spain)”, authored by myself and Prof. Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, PhD; José Maria Esbrí, PhD; Prof. Rosario García-Giménez, PhD; Eva María García-Noguero, PhD; Rodrigo Álvarez, PhD; Jesús Daniel Peco; Carolina García-Noguero and Juan Antonio Campos-Gallego, PhD. On behalf of the rest of coauthors, with this statement I warrantee that the datasets generated and used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

We thank E. Burkhalter and R. Vergara (Quantum Minería) for their contributions to this study.

Funding

This research work was supported by the University-Enterprise Professorship “Quantum Minería” (UCTR150234).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Pl. Manuel Meca 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Pablo León Higueras, José Maria Esbrí, Eva María García-Noguero & Carolina García-Noguero

  2. Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta & Rosario García-Giménez

  3. Departamento de Explotación y Prospección de Minas, Escuela de Ingeniería de Minas, Energía y Materiales, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Independencia, 13, 33004, Oviedo, Spain

    Rodrigo Álvarez

  4. ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Instituto de Geología Aplicada, UCLM, Ronda de Calatrava s/n, 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Jesús Daniel Peco & Juan Antonio Campos

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Pablo L. Higueras, Full Professor, PhD, as responsible of the manuscript entitled “Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)”, authored by myself and Prof. Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, PhD; José Maria Esbrí, PhD; Prof. Rosario García-Giménez, PhD; Eva María García-Noguero, PhD; Rodrigo Álvarez, PhD; Jesús Daniel Peco; Carolina García-Noguero and Juan Antonio Campos-Gallego, PhD. On behalf of the rest of coauthors, with this statement I warrantee that the contributions done by the listed authors have been the following: conceptualization: PLH, RJB, and JME; formal analysis: JME, EMGN, RGG, RA, and JDP; documentation and research: PLH, JAC, and CGN; methodology: JME, RA, and JACG; resources/funding: PLH.

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Pablo L. Higueras, Full Professor, PhD, as responsible of the manuscript entitled “Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain),” authored by myself and Prof. Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, PhD; José Maria Esbrí, PhD; Prof. Rosario García-Giménez, PhD; Eva María García-Noguero, PhD; Rodrigo Álvarez, PhD; Jesús Daniel Peco; Carolina García-Noguero and Juan Antonio Campos-Gallego, PhD. On behalf of the rest of coauthors, with this statement I warrantee that:

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Pablo L. Higueras, Full Professor, PhD, as responsible of the manuscript entitled “Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain),” authored by myself and Prof. Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, PhD; José Maria Esbrí, PhD; Prof. Rosario García-Giménez, PhD; Eva María García-Noguero, PhD; Rodrigo Álvarez, PhD; Jesús Daniel Peco; Carolina García-Noguero and Juan Antonio Campos-Gallego, PhD. On behalf of the rest of coauthors, with this statement I warrantee that all authors whose names appear on the submission:

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    agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

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Pablo L. Higueras, Full Professor, PhD, as responsible of the manuscript entitled “Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)”, authored by myself and Prof. Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, PhD; José Maria Esbrí, PhD; Prof. Rosario García-Giménez, PhD; Eva María García-Noguero, PhD; Rodrigo Álvarez, PhD; Jesús Daniel Peco; Carolina García-Noguero and Juan Antonio Campos-Gallego, PhD. On behalf of the rest of coauthors, with this statement I warrantee that this manuscript does not contains any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos).

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Higueras, P.L., Jiménez-Ballesta, R., Esbrí, J.M. et al. Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 4573–4584 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10827-8

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