Abstract
We investigated the effects of sodium and calcium chlorides on the conformation and composition of a purified Aldrich humic acid (PAHA), as well as on the adsorption of atrazine. The PAHA was treated with 1, 10, and 100 mM NaCl, CaCl2, or a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2 (molar ratio 5:1) at pH 7.5 and 8.5. The conformation of treated PAHA was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectral changes of functional groups of PAHA by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). AFM and TEM images showed an increase in the aggregation of the PAHA as salinity increased. FTIR spectra revealed that changes in the aggregation of the PAHA were principally due to the formation of bridged interactions between calcium and carboxylate groups in the PAHA. The adsorption of atrazine on > 0.45 μm PAHA decreased as salt concentrations and pH increased. This reduction of atrazine adsorption was explained by the decrease in available adsorption sites due to agglomeration of PAHA.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abate G, Penteado JC, Cuzzi JD, Vitti GC, Lichtig J, Masini JC (2004) Influence of humic acid on adsorption and desorption of atrazine, hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine onto a clay-rich soil sample. J Agric Food Chem 52:6747–6754. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049229E
APHA, AWWA, WEF (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21th edn. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Baltimore
Baalousha M, Motelica-Heino M, Galaup S, Le Coustumer P (2005) Supramolecular structure of humic acids by TEM with improved sample preparation and staining. Microsc Res Tech 66:299–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20173
Baalousha M, Motelica-Heino M, Le CP (2006) Conformation and size of humic substances: effects of major cation concentration and type, pH, salinity, and residence time. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 272:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.07.010
Balnois E, Wilkinson KJ (2002) Sample preparation techniques for the observation of environmental biopolymers by atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 207:229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00136-X
Barriuso E, Feller C, Calvet R, Cerri C (1992) Sorption of atrazine, terbutryn and 2,4-D herbicides in two Brazilian Oxisols. Geoderma 53:155–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(92)90028-6
Celano G, Šmejkalová D, Spaccini R, Piccolo A (2008) Interactions of three s-triazines with humic acids of different structure. J Agric Food Chem 56:7360–7366. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8008074
Chen C, Wang X, Jiang H, Hu W (2007) Direct observation of macromolecular structures of humic acid by AFM and SEM. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 302:121–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.02.014
Dubois LH, Zegarski BR, Nuzzo RG (1986) Spontaneous organization of carboxylic acid monolayer films in ultrahigh vacuum. Kinetic constraints to assembly via gas-phase adsorption. Langmuir 2:412–417. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00070a006
European Union (2004) COMMISSION DECISION of 10 March 2004 concerning the non-inclusion of atrazine in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance. THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Ferreira JA, Martin-Neto L, Vaz CMP, Regitano JB (2002) Sorption interactions between imazaquin and a humic acid extracted from a typical Brazilian Oxisol. J Environ Qual 31:1665–1670
Gilliom RJ, Barbash JE, Crawford CG, et al (2006) The quality of our nation’s waters—pesticides in the nation’s streams and ground water, 1992–2001
González-Márquez LC, Hansen AM (2009) Adsorción y mineralización de atrazina y relación con parámetros de suelos del DR 063 Guasave, Sinaloa. Rev Mex Ciencias Geológicas 26:587–599
Guan X-H, Shang C, Chen G-H (2006) Competitive adsorption of organic matter with phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 296:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.08.050
He Z, Ohno T, Cade-Menun BJ, Erich MS, Honeycutt CW (2006) Spectral and chemical characterization of phosphates associated with humic substances. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:741–1751. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0030
Hernández-Antonio A, Hansen AM (2011) Uso de plaguicidas en dos zonas agrícolas de México y evaluación de la contaminación de agua y sedimentos. Rev Int Contam Ambie 27:115–127
Iglesias A, López R, Gondar D, Antelo J, Fiol S, Arce F (2009) Effect of pH and ionic strength on the binding of paraquat and MCPA by soil fulvic and humic acids. Chemosphere 76:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.012
Kovaios ID, Paraskeva CA, Koutsoukos PG (2011) Adsorption of atrazine from aqueous electrolyte solutions on humic acid and silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 356:277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.002
Kulikova NA, Perminova IV (2002) Binding of atrazine to humic substances from soil, peat, and coal related to their structure. Environ Sci Technol 36:3720–3724. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES015778E
Laird DA, Barriuso E, Dowdy RH, Koskinen WC (1992) Adsorption of atrazine on smectites. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:62. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010010x
Li H, Teppen BJ, Laird DA, Johnston CT, Boyd SA (2006) Effects of increasing potassium chloride and calcium chloride ionic strength on pesticide sorption by potassium- and calcium-smectite. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1889. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0392
Martin-Neto L, Vieira EM, Sposito G (1994) Mechanism of atrazine sorption by humic acid: a spectroscopic study. Environ Sci Technol 28:1867–1873. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00060a017
Martin-Neto L, Traghetta DG, Vaz CM et al (2001) On the interaction mechanisms of atrazine and hydroxyatrazine with humic substances. J Environ Qual 30:520–525
Myneni S, Brown J, Martinez G, Meyer-Ilse W (1999) Imaging of humic substance macromolecular structures in water and soils. Science 286:1335–1337
Nakamoto K (1997) Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds: part A: theory and applications in inorganic chemistry, 5th edn. Wiley, New York
Namjesnik-Dejanovic K, Maurice PA (1997) Atomic force microscopy of soil and stream fulvic acids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 120:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(96)03678-3
Namjesnik-Dejanovic K, Maurice PA (2001) Conformations and aggregate structures of sorbed natural organic matter on muscovite and hematite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:1047–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00542-1
Oste LA, Temminghoff EJ, Van Riemsdijk WH (2002) Solid-solution partitioning of organic matter in soils as influenced by an increase in pH or Ca concentration. Environ Sci Technol 36:208–214
Piccolo A, Celano G, De Simone C (1992) Interactions of atrazine with humic substances of different origins and their hydrolysed products. Sci Total Environ 117–118:403–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90106-3
Plaschke M, Römer J, Klenze R, Kim J (1999) In situ AFM study of sorbed humic acid colloids at different pH. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 160:269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00191-0
Prosen H, Zupančič-Kralj L (2000) The interaction of triazine herbicides with humic acids. Chromatographia 51:S155–S164. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492799
Senesi N, D’Orazio V, Miano TM (1995) Adsorption mechanisms of s-triazine and bipyridylium herbicides on humic acids from hop field soils. Geoderma 66:273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(94)00083-M
Spark K, Swift R (2002) Effect of soil composition and dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption. Sci Total Environ 298:147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00213-9
Swift RS (1996) Organic matter characterization. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH (eds) Methods of soil analysis part 3 chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 1011–1069
Tang CY, Kwon Y-N, Leckie JO (2007) Fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes by humic acid—effects of solution composition and hydrodynamic conditions. J Membr Sci 290:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.12.017
Tappe W, Groeneweg J, Jantsch B (2002) Diffuse atrazine pollution in German aquifers. Biodegradation 13:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016325527709
Temminghoff EJM, Van der Zee SEATM, de Haan FAM (1998) Effects of dissolved organic matter on the mobility of copper in a contaminated sandy soil. Eur J Soil Sci 49:617–628
Tramonti V, Zienius RH, Gamble DS (1986) Solution phase interaction of lindane with fulvic acid: effect of solution pH and ionic strength. Int J Environ Anal Chem 24:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067318608076471
Ureña-Amate MD, Socías-Viciana M, González-Pradas E, Saifi M (2005) Effects of ionic strength and temperature on adsorption of atrazine by a heat treated kerolite. Chemosphere 59:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.098
Wall NA, Choppin GR (2003) Humic acids coagulation: influence of divalent cations. Appl Geochem 18(10):1573–1582
Wang Z, Gamble D, Langford C (1991) Interaction of atrazine with Laurentian humic acid. Anal Chim Acta 244:135–143
Wang LF, Wang LL, Ye XD, Li WW, Ren XM, Sheng GP, Yu HQ, Wang XK (2013) Coagulation kinetics of humic aggregates in mono- and di-valent electrolyte solutions. Environ Sci Technol 47:5042–5049. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304993j
Weng L, Temminghoff EJM, Van Riemsdijk WH (2002) Interpretation of humic acid coagulation and soluble soil organic matter using a calculated electrostatic potential. Eur J Soil Sci 53:575–587. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00455.x
Wu Q, Yang Q, Zhou W, Zhu L (2015) Sorption characteristics and contribution of organic matter fractions for atrazine in soil. J Soils Sediments 15:2210–2219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1162-y
Yeo AR, Flowers TJ (1985) The absence of an effect of the Na/Ca ratio on sodium chloride uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.). New Phytol 99:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03638.x
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by CNA-CONACYT (contract no. CNA-2000-01-032) and The Mexican Institute of Water Technology (project no. TH0803.1). A doctoral scholarship was provided by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) for Luis Carlos González-Márquez (scholarship number 7430). We would like to thank Prof. James O. Leckie for his very important comments and suggestions as well as for the opportunity to carry out part of this research at the Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory at Stanford University, and Federico Pacheco for his technical support with the TEM and AFM imaging.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
González-Márquez, L.C., Hansen, A.M. & González-Farias, F.A. Effect of mono and divalent salts on the conformation and composition of a humic acid and on atrazine adsorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 17509–17518 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1939-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1939-9