Abstract
Objectives
We hypothesized that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a dose-dependent impact on mortality in those with ischemic heart disease or previous myocardial injury.
Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of 281 consecutive OSA patients with a history of myocardial injury as determined by elevated troponin levels or with known existing ischemic heart disease. We compared survival between those with severe OSA [apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥30] and those with mild to moderate OSA (AHI >5 and <30).
Results
Of the 281 patients (mean age 65 years, mean BMI 34, 98% male, 58% with diabetes), 151 patients had mild-moderate OSA and 130 had severe OSA. During a mean follow-up of 4.1 years, there were significantly greater deaths in the severe OSA group compared to the mild-moderate OSA group [53 deaths (41%) vs. 44 deaths (29%), respectively, p = 0.04]. The adjusted hazard ratio for mortality with severe OSA was 1.72 (95% confidence interval 1.01–2.91, p = 0.04).
Conclusions
The severity of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased risk of death, and risk stratification based on OSA severity is relevant even in the diseased cardiac patient.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T (2008) Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease. An American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing Council. Circulation
Yumino D, Kasanuki H (2008) Sleep apnea and the heart: diagnosis and treatment. Rev Cardiovasc Med 9(3):159–167
Gottlieb DJ, Yenokyan G, Newman AB, O'Connor GT, Punjabi NM, Quan SF, Redline S, Resnick HE, Tong EK, Diener-West M, Shahar E (2010) Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study. Circulation 122(4):352–360
Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J (2000) Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342(19):1378–1384
Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V (2005) Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med 353(19):2034–2041
Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, Szklo-Coxe M, Austin D, Nieto FJ, Stubbs R, Hla KM (2008) Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep 31(8):1071–1078
Yumino D, Wang H, Floras JS, Newton GE, Mak S, Ruttanaumpawan P, Parker JD, Bradley TD (2009) Relationship between sleep apnoea and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart failure. Heart 95(10):819–824
Punjabi NM, Caffo BS, Goodwin JL, Gottlieb DJ, Newman AB, O'Connor GT, Rapoport DM, Redline S, Resnick HE, Robbins JA, Shahar E, Unruh ML, Samet JM (2009) Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 6(8):e1000132
Wang H, Parker JD, Newton GE, Floras JS, Mak S, Chiu KL, Ruttanaumpawan P, Tomlinson G, Bradley TD (2007) Influence of obstructive sleep apnea on mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(15):1625–1631
Roebuck T, Solin P, Kaye DM, Bergin P, Bailey M, Naughton MT (2004) Increased long-term mortality in heart failure due to sleep apnoea is not yet proven. Eur Respir J 23(5):735–740
Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force (1999). Sleep 22 (5):667-689
Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, Alessi CA, Bailey D, Coleman J Jr, Friedman L, Hirshkowitz M, Kapen S, Kramer M, Lee-Chiong T, Loube DL, Owens J, Pancer JP, Wise M (2005) Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005. Sleep 28(4):499–521
He J, Kryger MH, Zorick FJ, Conway W, Roth T (1988) Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea. Experience in 385 male patients. Chest 94(1):9–14
Gonzalez-Rothi RJ, Foresman GE, Block AJ (1988) Do patients with sleep apnea die in their sleep? Chest 94(3):531–538
Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Klauber MR, Fell R, Stepnowsky C, Estline E, Khazeni N, Chinn A (1996) Morbidity, mortality and sleep-disordered breathing in community dwelling elderly. Sleep 19(4):277–282
Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, Shahar E, Samet JM, Redline S, D'Agostino RB, Newman AB, Lebowitz MD, Pickering TG (2000) Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 283(14):1829–1836
Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Javier Nieto F, O'Connor GT, Boland LL, Schwartz JE, Samet JM (2001) Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(1):19–25
Barbe PJ, Munoz A, Findley L, Anto JM, Agusti AG (1998) Automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. An epidemiological and mechanistic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158(1):18–22
Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA (1995) A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing. Health outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(2):717–720
Partinen M, Jamieson A, Guilleminault C (1988) Long-term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Mortality. Chest 94(6):1200–1204
Lavie P, Herer P, Peled R, Berger I, Yoffe N, Zomer J, Rubin AH (1995) Mortality in sleep apnea patients: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Sleep 18(3):149–157
Peker Y, Hedner J, Norum J, Kraiczi H, Carlson J (2002) Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: a 7-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(2):159–165
Martinez D, Klein C, Rahmeier L, da Silva RP, Fiori CZ, Cassol CM, Goncalves SC, Bos AJ (2011) Sleep apnea is a stronger predictor for coronary heart disease than traditional risk factors. Sleep Breath [Epub ahead of print]
Shah NA, Yaggi HK, Concato J, Mohsenin V (2010) Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death. Sleep Breath 14(2):131–136
Schafer H, Koehler U, Ewig S, Hasper E, Tasci S, Luderitz B (1999) Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk marker in coronary artery disease. Cardiology 92(2):79–84
Martinez D, da Silva RP, Klein C, Fiori CZ, Massierer D, Cassol CM, Bos AJ, Gus M (2011) High risk for sleep apnea in the Berlin questionnaire and coronary artery disease. Sleep Breath [Epub ahead of print]
Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG (2005) Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365(9464):1046–1053
Valham F, Mooe T, Rabben T, Stenlund H, Wiklund U, Franklin KA (2008) Increased risk of stroke in patients with coronary artery disease and sleep apnea: a 10-year follow-up. Circulation 118(9):955–960
Hagenah GC, Gueven E, Andreas S (2006) Influence of obstructive sleep apnoea in coronary artery disease: a 10-year follow-up. Respir Med 100(1):180–182
Peker Y, Carlson J, Hedner J (2006) Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up. Eur Respir J 28(3):596–602
Al Lawati N, Mulgrew A, Cheema R, vanEeden S, Butt A, Fleetham J, Ryan F, Ayas N (2009) Pro-atherogenic cytokine profile of patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 13(4):391–395
Tauman R, O'Brien LM, Gozal D (2007) Hypoxemia and obesity modulate plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath 11(2):77–84
Serizawa N, Yumino D, Kajimoto K, Tagawa Y, Takagi A, Shoda M, Kasanuki H, Hagiwara N (2008) Impact of sleep-disordered breathing on life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia in heart failure patients with implantable cardioverter–defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 102(8):1064–1068
Gami AS, Howard DE, Olson EJ, Somers VK (2005) Day-night pattern of sudden death in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 352(12):1206–1214
Hamilton GS, Meredith IT, Walker AM, Solin P (2009) Obstructive sleep apnea leads to transient uncoupling of coronary blood flow and myocardial work in humans. Sleep 32(2):263–270
Hamilton GS, Solin P, Walker A (2008) Coronary blood flow becomes uncoupled from myocardial work during obstructive sleep apnea in the presence of endothelial dysfunction. Sleep 31(6):809–816
Hla KM, Young T, Finn LA, Peppard PE, Kinsey TJ, Ende D (2008) Electrocardiographically indicated cardiovascular disease in sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath 12(3):251–258
Buchner NJ, Sanner BM, Borgel J, Rump LC (2007) Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176(12):1274–1280
Steiropoulos P, Tsara V, Nena E, Fitili C, Kataropoulou M, Froudarakis M, Christaki P, Bouros D (2007) Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on serum cardiovascular risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome. Chest 132(3):843–851
Campos-Rodriguez F, Perez-Ronchel J, Grilo-Reina A, Lima-Alvarez J, Benitez MA, Almeida-Gonzalez C (2007) Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure on BP in patients with hypertension and sleep apnea. Chest 132(6):1847–1852
Milleron O, Pilliere R, Foucher A, de Roquefeuil F, Aegerter P, Jondeau G, Raffestin BG, Dubourg O (2004) Benefits of obstructive sleep apnoea treatment in coronary artery disease: a long-term follow-up study. Eur Heart J 25(9):728–734
Cassar A, Morgenthaler TI, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS, Lerman A (2007) Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with decreased cardiac death after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(14):1310–1314
McArdle N, Devereux G, Heidarnejad H, Engleman HM, Mackay TW, Douglas NJ (1999) Long-term use of CPAP therapy for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(4 Pt 1):1108–1114
Waldhorn RE, Herrick TW, Nguyen MC, O'Donnell AE, Sodero J, Potolicchio SJ (1990) Long-term compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 97(1):33–38
Krieger J, Kurtz D, Petiau C, Sforza E, Trautmann D (1996) Long-term compliance with CPAP therapy in obstructive sleep apnea patients and in snorers. Sleep 19(9 Suppl):S136–S143
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Christine H. Won and Hyung J. Chun contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Won, C.H., Chun, H.J., Chandra, S.M. et al. Severe obstructive sleep apnea increases mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease and myocardial injury. Sleep Breath 17, 85–91 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-012-0653-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-012-0653-y