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Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 clinical isolates collected through national antimicrobial resistance surveillance network in Nepal

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Abstract

Cholera occurs in sporadic cases and outbreaks in Nepal each year. Vibrio cholerae O1 (n = 522) isolated during 2007–2010 from diarrheal patients at 10 different hospital laboratories in Nepal were characterized. Biochemical and serologic identifications showed that all the isolates belonged to serogroup O1, El Tor biotype. Except 72 isolates of Inaba serotype isolated in the year 2007, all the remaining isolates were of Ogawa serotype. All isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and furazolidone. Resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole were 21, 4, 16 and 90 % respectively. Seventy-seven of these isolates were selected for further characterization for ctxB gene and MLVA typing. Two different variants of classical type cholera toxin were observed. Ogawa strains from 2007 and 2010-Western Nepal outbreak harbored CTX-3 type cholera toxin, whereas Inaba serotypes in 2007 and the remaining Ogawa serotypes in 2008–2010 harbored CTX 3b-type toxin. MLVA analysis showed circulation of four different groups of altered V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains. Two different profiles were seen among 2007 Inaba (9, 3, 6, x, x) and Ogawa (10, 7, 6, x, x) isolates. The MLVA profile of 2008 and 2009 Ogawa isolates were similar to those of Inaba strains of 2007. Isolates from 2010 also showed three different MLVA profiles; profile 9, 3, 6, x, x in 3 isolates, 11, 7, 6, x, x among 2010 Western Nepal outbreak strains and profile 8, 3, 6, x, x among isolates from Butwal and Kathmandu.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank all the laboratories participating in antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Nepal for referral of V. cholerae isolates to NPHL and Walter-Reed AFRIMS Research Unit, Nepal and IVI, Korea for their collaboration in isolate characterization. We acknowledge WHO-Nepal for financial support in the AMR Surveillance Program in Nepal.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Geeta Shakya, Bishnu Prasad Upadhyaya, Sirjana Devi Shrestha, Shailaja Adhikari, Supriya Sharma, Nisha Rijal & Palpasa Kansakar

  2. International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea

    Dong Wook Kim & John D. Clemens

  3. Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do, 426-791, Korea

    Dong Wook Kim

  4. Om Hospital and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Sarala Malla

  5. Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Shyam Prakash Dumre

  6. Walter Reed AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal

    Sanjaya K. Shrestha

  7. Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand

    Carl Mason

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  1. Geeta Shakya
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  2. Dong Wook Kim
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  3. John D. Clemens
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  4. Sarala Malla
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  5. Bishnu Prasad Upadhyaya
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  8. Shailaja Adhikari
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  9. Supriya Sharma
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  10. Nisha Rijal
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  11. Sanjaya K. Shrestha
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  12. Carl Mason
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  13. Palpasa Kansakar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Palpasa Kansakar.

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Shakya, G., Kim, D.W., Clemens, J.D. et al. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 clinical isolates collected through national antimicrobial resistance surveillance network in Nepal. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, 2671–2678 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1077-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1077-3

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