Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in surface water quality at the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. The samples were collected from ten monitoring stations including rivers and sea water during the years from 2007 to 2008. The samples were analyzed for 25 parameters: total carbon, total inorganic carbon, total organic carbon, chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, iron, nickel, manganese, phenol, surfactants, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate-nitrogen, total phosphorus, adsorbable organic halogen, sulfate, hardness, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and salinity. Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis (CA) and factor analysis/principal component analysis (FA/PCA), were applied to analyze the similarities among the sampling sites to identify the source apportionment of pollution parameters in surface waters. The results indicate that seven factors for river water explained 82.24% of the variance. In seawater, seven factors account for 89.65% of the total variance. Varifactors obtained from factor analysis indicate that the parameters responsible for water quality variations are mainly related to organic pollution (municipal effluents), inorganic pollution (industrial effluents and waste disposal areas), nutrients (agricultural runoff), and dissolved salts (soil leaching and runoff process).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altaş, L., & Büyükgüngör, H. (2007). Heavy metal pollution in the black sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environmental Geology, 52, 469–476.
Andrade, E. M., Palacio, H. A. O., Souza, I. H., Leao, R. A. O., & Guerreiro, M. J. (2008). Land use effects in groundwater composition of an alluvial aquifer (Trussu River, Brazil) by multivariate techniques. Environmental Research, 106, 170–177.
APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1995). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (19th ed.). Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Bakan, G., & Büyükgüngör, H. (2000). The Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41, 24–43.
Bozcaarmutlu, A., Sapmaz, C., Aygun, Z., & Arinç, E. (2009). Assessment of pollution in the West Black Sea Coast of Turkey using biomarker responses in fish. Marine Environmental Research, 67, 167–176.
Chen, K. J., Jiao, J. J., Hoang, J., & Huang, R. (2007). Multivariate statistical evaluation of trace elements in groundwater in a coastal area in Shenzhen, China. Environmental Pollution, 147, 771–780.
Kazi, T. G., Arain, M. B., Jamali, M. K., Jalbani, N., Afradi, H. I., Sarfaraz, R. A., et al. (2009). Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A comparative study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72, 301–309.
Kowalkowski, T., Zbytniewski, R., Szpejna, J., & Buszewski, B. (2006). Application of chemometrics in river water classification. Water Research, 40, 744–752.
Menció, A., & Mas-Pla, J. (2008). Assessment by multivariate analysis of groundwater–surface water interactions in urbanized Mediterranean streams. Journal of Hydrology, 352, 355–366.
Panda, U. C., Sundaray, S. K., Rath, P., Nayak, B. B., & Bhatta, D. (2006). Application of factor and cluster analysis for characterization of river and estuarine water systems—a case study: Mahanadi River (India). Journal of Hydrology, 331, 434–445.
Quayang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D., & Huang, C. H. (2006). Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Water Research, 40, 3800–3810.
Ragno, G., De Luca, M., & Ioele, G. (2007). An application of cluster analysis and multivariate classification methods to spring water monitoring data. Microchemical Journal, 87, 119–127.
Shirodkar, P. V., Mesquita, A., Pradhan, U. K., Verlekar, X. N., Babu, M. T., & Vethamony, P. (2009). Factors controlling physico-chemical characteristics in the coastal watersoff Mangalore—a multivariate approach. Environmental Research, 109(2009), 245–257.
Shresta, S., & Kazama, F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Fuji river basin Japan. Environmental Modeling & Software, 22, 464–475.
Simeonov, V., Stratis, J. A., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., et al. (2003). Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Research, 37, 4119–4124.
Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., & Sinha, S. (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evalueation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water Research, 38, 3980–3992.
Singh, K. P., Malik, A., & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. Analytica Chemica Acta, 538, 355–374.
Solidoro, C., Pastres, R., Cossarini, G., & Ciavatta, S. (2004). Seasonal and spatial variability of water quality parameters in the lagoon of Venice. Journal of Marine Systems, 51, 7–18.
Teoderu, C. R., Friedl, G., Friedrich, J., Roehl, U., Sturm, M., & Wehrl, B. (2007). Spatial distribution and recent changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in sediments of Black Sea. Marine Chemistry, 105, 52–69.
Tuncer, G., Karakaş, T., Balkaş, T. I., Gökçay, C. F., Aygnn, S., Yurter, C., et al. (1998). Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coast of Turkey: concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 409–423.
Wu, B., Zhao, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., & Cheng, S. (2009). Multivariate statistical study of organic pollutants in Nanjing reach of Yangtze River. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169, 1093–1098.
Yiğiterhan, O., & Murray, J. W. (2008). Trace metal composition of particulate matter of the Danube River and Turkish rivers draining into the Black Sea Marine. Chemistry, 111, 63–76.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akbal, F., Gürel, L., Bahadır, T. et al. Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Assessment of Surface Water Quality at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Water Air Soil Pollut 216, 21–37 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0511-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0511-0