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Four-dimensional heteronuclear correlation experiments for chemical shift assignment of solid proteins

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Abstract

Chemical shift assignment is the first step in all established protocols for structure determination of uniformly labeled proteins by NMR. The explosive growth in recent years of magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) applications is largely attributable to improved methods for backbone and side-chain chemical shift correlation spectroscopy. However, the techniques developed so far have been applied primarily to proteins in the size range of 5–10 kDa, despite the fact that SSNMR has no inherent molecular weight limits. Rather, the degeneracy inherent to many 2D and 3D SSNMR spectra of larger proteins has prevented complete unambiguous chemical shift assignment. Here we demonstrate the implementation of 4D backbone chemical shift correlation experiments for assignment of solid proteins. The experiments greatly reduce spectral degeneracy at a modest cost in sensitivity, which is accurately described by theory. We consider several possible implementations and investigate the CANCOCX pulse sequence in detail. This experiment involves three cross polarization steps, from H to CA[i], CA[i] to N[i], and N[i] to C′[i−1], followed by a final homonuclear mixing period. With short homonuclear mixing times (<20 ms), backbone correlations are observed with high sensitivity; with longer mixing times (>200 ms), long-range correlations are revealed. For example, a single 4D experiment with 225 ms homonuclear mixing time reveals ∼200 uniquely resolved medium and long-range correlations in the 56-residue protein GB1. In addition to experimental demonstrations in the 56-residue protein GB1, we present a theoretical analysis of anticipated improvements in resolution for much larger proteins and compare these results in detail with the experiments, finding good agreement between experiment and theory under conditions of stable instrumental performance.

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Acknowledgments

We thank G. Shah and H. Frericks for preparing the GB1 samples used in this study. This work was supported by the University of Illinois, National Science Foundation (CAREER Award MCB0347824 to CMR), Research Corporation (Cottrell Scholars Awards to CMR) and National Institutes of Health (GM073770 to CMR).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    W. Trent Franks, Kathryn D. Kloepper, Benjamin J. Wylie & Chad M. Rienstra

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Chad M. Rienstra

  3. Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Chad M. Rienstra

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  1. W. Trent Franks
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Correspondence to Chad M. Rienstra.

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Franks, W.T., Kloepper, K.D., Wylie, B.J. et al. Four-dimensional heteronuclear correlation experiments for chemical shift assignment of solid proteins. J Biomol NMR 39, 107–131 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10858-007-9179-1

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