Abstract
The present research paper shows the results of an analysis of the existing literature on one of the topics that has sparked the most interest amongst scholars and researchers in the fields of international management and entrepreneurship: born global firms and international new ventures (INVs). Concretely, with the aim of identifying and visualising the intellectual structure of research on this phenomenon, a total of 124 research papers whose titles contain the above terms are analysed. The methodology is mainly based on the bibliometric techniques of document citation and co-citation analyses and the analysis of social networks (SNA).
Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación muestra los resultados de un análisis de la literatura existente sobre uno de los ‘tópicos’ que más interés suscita entre estudiosos e investigadores en los campos de la dirección internacional y el entrepreneurship: el de las empresas nacidas globales (BG) e international new ventures (INV). En concreto, a fin de tratar de identificar y visualizar la estructura intelectual o base de conocimiento de la investigación desarrollada sobre dicho fenómeno, un total de 124 artículos de investigación en cuyo título figuran los términos anteriormente descritos, fueron analizados. En cuanto a la metodología utilizada, la misma se halla fundamentada en el uso de técnicas bibliométricas –en particular, de los análisis de citación y co-citación de documentos (DCA)– y el análisis de redes sociales (ARS).
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Notes
In principle, although the terms ‘born globals’ and ‘international new ventures’ have been used interchangeably, their main internationalisation paths have been differentiated in the internationalisation literature. In short, they are two different types of ventures. It is even possible to draw a distinction between four variants based on technological and competitive strategies, international entrepreneurial orientation, and performance among those firms which can be defined as born global firms: (1) entrepreneurial strategy and technology leaders; (2) high-tech focusers; (3) entrepreneurs emphasising cost leadership; and (4) poor performers stuck in the middle (Knight and Cavusgil 2005). Anyway, for analysis purposes, we would be referring to early and rapidly internationalising firms in both cases. We fully share the views of Zander et al. (2015, p. 33) in this regard. According to them, despite being presented as two types or perspectives on early and rapidly internationalising companies, the differences between born globals and INVs should not be over-emphasised.
In the previous literature, authors such as Zahra and George (2002), Coviello and Jones (2004) or Jones and Coviello (2005) have pointed out the need for more specific and systematic research, in both theoretical and empirical terms, on this type of international business. Likewise, Axinn and Matthyssens (2001, 2002) and Bell et al. (2004) encourage researchers to develop conceptual models and theoretical frameworks to better explain and predict the behaviour of these companies in the international context.
This group includes works applied to the widest variety of scientific knowledge fields: economy, psychology, sociology, management, communication, marketing, medicine, geography ... In the specific case of management, these methods have been implemented, to quote but a few fields, in strategic management (Acedo et al. 2006; Di Stefano et al. 2010; Nerur et al. 2008; Okumus et al. 2017; Peteraf et al. 2013; Ramos-Rodríguez and Ruíz-Navarro 2004; Ronda-Pupo and Guerras-Martín 2012), entrepreneurship (Gartner et al. 2006; Landström et al. 2012; Schildt et al. 2006), international business (Acedo and Casillas 2005; Kraus 2011), innovation (Fagerberg and Vespargen 2009; Fagerberg et al. 2012), business ethics (Calabretta et al. 2011; Ma 2009; Uysal 2010), family business (Casillas and Acedo 2007; Benavides-Velasco et al. 2013), strategic alliances (Di Guardo and Harrigan 2012), supply chain management (Charvet et al. 2008), corporate governance (Durisin and Puzone 2009), operation management (Pilkington and Meredith 2009), human resource management (García-Lillo et al. 2017; Markoulli et al. 2017), tourism (Cheng 2016; García-Lillo et al. 2016; Koseoglu et al. 2016), among others.
In general, the literature shows that there is no established methodological guide in this situation, so the choice is usually the result of a series of tests to obtain a co-citation of an adequate size for statistical treatment or graphic representation. Similarly, authors such as Schildt et al. (2006, p. 401) operate in the field of entrepreneurship.
To be precise, there are two main ways of treating these values. The first (White and Griffith 1981), consists in taking the sum of the three highest values in the corresponding column, remember that this is a symmetrical matrix, and dividing this sum by two, which gives a value that, in the opinion of the above authors, could be indicative of the importance of a paper. The other opinion (McCain 1990) simply considers three values as missing data and applies the criteria of pairwise deletion in the realisation of the calculations; in other words, ignoring the values of the main diagonal when calculating, for example, the correlation coefficients between each pair of documents.
In 2004, Benjamin M. Oviatt and Patricia P. McDougall received the Journal of International Business Studies Award for their 1994 article “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures”. The award recognised the authors’ seminal 1994 article, which introduced the phenomenon of born global firms (which they call “international new ventures” to the scholarly audience, and integrated literature from the fields of international business, entrepreneurship and strategic management. The article also defined and conceptualised “international entrepreneurship” (Oviatt and McDougall 2005).
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The authors would like to thank three anonymous JIEN reviewers for the quality of their comments on this paper. We also extend our gratitude to Professor Dr. Hamid Etemad, Editor-in-Chief of JIEN, for his feedback and encouragement during the review process.
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García-Lillo, F., Claver-Cortés, E., Úbeda-García, M. et al. Exploring the intellectual structure of research on ‘born globals’ and INVs: A literature review using bibliometric methods. J Int Entrep (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-017-0213-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-017-0213-4
Keywords
- Born global firms
- International new ventures
- International management
- Entrepreneurship
- Bibliometrics
- Citation analysis
- Document co-citation analysis (DCA)
- Social network analysis (SNA)