Abstract
A substantial literature has investigated relations between intelligence and psychopathic traits. At the construct level, findings have been mixed, with a small negative relation found. At the facet level however, a positive relation between verbal intelligence and the interpersonal facet of psychopathy, and a negative relation between verbal intelligence and the lifestyle factor of psychopathy emerge. To date, this research has largely neglected adolescents and prior research has focused on clinical and incarcerated populations, while failing to control for psychopathology. The current study sought to address these limitations by examining the relation between intelligence and psychopathy at the construct, facet, and trait level in a sample of inpatient adolescents. At the bivariate level, verbal intelligence was related to dishonest charm, unemotionality, impulsiveness, and manipulation. In regression analyses, however, verbal intelligence lost significance as a predictor of all but impulsiveness. Gender and severity of psychopathology accounted for most significant relations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Full Scale IQ was left out of this model, despite being related at the bivariate level, because it is a composite score that encompasses both VCI and WMI.
References
Fox BH, Jennings WG, Farrington DP (2015) Bringing psychopathy into developmental and life-course criminology theories and research. J Crim Justice 43(4):274–289
Hare RD (1991) 2003) The Hare psychopathy checklist–revised. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
Frick PJ, White SF (2008) Research review: the importance of callous–unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(4):359–375
Cleckley H (1941) The mask of sanity: an attempt to reinterpret the so-called psychopathic personality. Mosby, Oxford
Blair J, Mitchell D, Blair K (2005) The psychopath: emotion and the brain. Blackwell, Malden
DeLisi M, Vaughn MG, Beaver KM, Wright JP (2010) The Hannibal Lecter myth: psychopathy and verbal intelligence in the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32(2):169–177
Salekin RT, Neumann CS, Leistico AR, Zalot AA (2004) Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley’s hypothesis. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:731–744
de Wit H, Flory JD, Acheson A, McCloskey M, Manuck SB (2007) IQ and nonplanning impulsivity are independently associated with delay discounting in middle-aged adults. Pers Individ Dif 42(1):111–121
Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(2):119–127
Yang Y, Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2005) Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths. Biol Psychiatry 57(10):1103–1108
Gong QY, Sluming V, Mayes A, Keller S, Barrick T, Cezayirli E, Roberts N (2005) Voxel-based morphometry and stereology provide convergent evidence of the importance of medial prefrontal cortex for fluid intelligence in healthy adults. Neuroimage 25(4):1175–1186
Kane MJ, Engle RW (2002) The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: an individual-differences perspective. Psychon Bull Rev 9(4):637–671
Motzkin JC, Newman JP, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M (2011) Reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy. J Neurosci 31(48):17348–17357
Cole MW, Yarkoni T, Repovš G, Anticevic A, Braver TS (2012) Global connectivity of prefrontal cortex predicts cognitive control and intelligence. J Neurosci 32(26):8988–8999
Loney BR, Frick PJ, Ellis M, McCoy MG (1998) Intelligence, callous–unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 20:231–247
Ritchie SJ (2015) Intelligence: all that matters. John Murray Learning, London
Vitacco MJ, Neumann CS, Jackson RL (2005) Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence. J Consult Clin Psychol 73:466–476
Berrien FK (1934) Psychological differences in psychopathic and post-encephalitic children. J Appl Psychol 18(4):536–549
Holland TR, Beckett GE, Levi M (1981) Intelligence, personality, and criminal violence: A multivariate analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 49(1):106–111
Spironelli C, Segrè D, Stegagno L, Angrilli A (2014) Intelligence and psychopathy: a correlational study on insane female offenders. Psychol Med 44(01):111–116
O’Kane A, Fawcett D, Blackburn R (1996) Psychopathy and moral reasoning: comparison of two classifications. Pers Individ Dif 20:505–514
Solomon RS (1939) Cognitive aspects of deterioration in mental patients. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 34(4):497–517
Watts AL, Salekin RT, Harrison N, Clark A, Waldman ID, Vitacco MJ, Lilienfeld SO (2016) Psychopathy: Relations with three conceptions of intelligence. Pers Disord 7(3):269–279
Neumann CS, Hare RD (2008) Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence. J Consult Clin Psychol 76(5):893–899
Vitacco MJ, Neumann CS, Wodushek T (2008) Differential relationships between the dimensions of psychopathy and intelligence replication with adult jail inmates. Crim Justice Behav 35(1):48–55
Fontaine N, Barker ED, Salekin RT, Viding E (2008) Dimensions of psychopathy and their relationships to cognitive functioning in children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 37(3):690–696
Fazel S, Doll H, Långström N (2008) Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47(9):1010–1019
Teplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, Dulcan MK, Mericle AA (2002) Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(12):1133–1143
Burke JD, Loeber R, Lahey BB (2007) Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. J of Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36(3):334–346
Coe JL, Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML (In Press) Family instability and young children’s school adjustment: Callousness and negative internal representations as mediators. Child Devel. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0043
Sanchez de Ribera O, Kavish N, Boutwell B (2017) On the relationship between psychopathy and general intelligence: a meta-analytic review. bioRxiv 100693
Schug RA, Gao Y, Glenn AL, Peskin M, Yang Y, Raine A (2010) The developmental evidence base. In: Towl GJ, Crighton DA (eds) Forensic psychology. Blackwell Publishing, West Sussex, pp 73–94
Lynam DR, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M (2007) Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. J Abnorm Psychol 116(1):155–165
Sharp C, Williams L, Ha C, Baumgardner J, Michonski J, Seals R, Patel A, Bleiberg E, Fonagy P (2009) The development of a mentalization-based outcomes and research protocol for an adolescent in-patient unit. Bull Menninger Clinic 73(4):311–338
Wechsler D (2003) Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV), 4th edn. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
Andershed H, Kerr M, Stattin H, Levander S (2002) Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: a new assessment tool. In: Blauuw E, Sheridan L (eds) Current international perspectives. Elsevier, The Hague, pp 131–158
Williams PE, Weiss LG, Rolfhus EL (2003) WISC-IV technical report #2 psychometric properties. http://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/PDF/wisciv/WISCIVTechReport2.pdf
Wechsler D (2008) Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS-IV) (4th edn). The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
Lichtenberger EO, Kaufman AS (2013) Essentials of WAIS-IV assessment. Wiley, Hoboken
Canivez GL (n.d.) Review of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth edition. Retrieved from http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfglc/Adobe%20pdf/Publications-Papers/Canivez%20(2010)%20Buros%20MMY%20WAIS-IV%20Review.pdf
Seals RW, Sharp C, Ha C, Michonski JD (2012) The relationship between the youth psychopathic traits inventory and psychopathology in a U.S. community sample of male youth. J Personal Assess 94(3):232–243. doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.650303
Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA (2001) Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Burlington
Lynam DR (1997) Pursuing the psychopath: capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net. J Abnorm Psychol 106:425–438
Salekin RT, Leistico AMR, Neumann CS, DiCicco TM, Duros RL (2004) Psychopathy and comorbidity in a young offender sample: taking a closer look at psychopathy’s potential importance over disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 113(3):416–427
Cross CP, Copping LT, Campbell A (2011) Sex differences in impulsivity: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 137(1):97–130
Hamburger ME, Lilienfeld SO, Hogben M (1996) Psychopathy, gender, and gender roles: implications for antisocial and histrionic personality disorders. J Person Dis 10(1):41–55
Strand S, Belfrage H (2005) Gender differences in psychopathy in a Swedish offender sample. Behav Sci Law 23(6):837–850
Cale EM, Lilienfeld SO (2002) Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: a review and integration. Clin Psychol Rev 22(8):1179–1207
Patton JH, Stanford MS (1995) Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51(6):768–774
Russo PM, De Pascalis V, Varriale V, Barratt ES (2008) Impulsivity, intelligence and P300 wave: an empirical study. Int J Psychophysiol 69(2):112–118
Colins OF, Bijttebier P, Broekaert E, Andershed H (2014) Psychopathic-like traits among detained female adolescents: reliability and validity of the antisocial process screening device and the youth psychopathic traits inventory. Assess 21(2):195–209
Veen VC, Stevens GW, Andershed H, Raaijmakers QA, Doreleijers TA, Vollebergh WA (2011) Cross-ethnic generalizability of the three-factor model of psychopathy: The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory in an incarcerated sample of native Dutch and Moroccan immigrant boys. Int J Law Psychiatry 34(2):127–130
Blackburn R, Lee-Evans JM (1985) Reactions of primary and secondary psychopaths to anger-evoking situations. Brit J Clin Psychol 24(2):93–100
Lee Z, Salekin RT (2010) Psychopathy in a noninstitutional sample: differences in primary and secondary subtypes. Pers Disord 1(3):153–169
Vaughn MG, Edens JF, Howard MO, Smith ST (2009) An investigation of primary and secondary psychopathy in a statewide sample of incarcerated youth. Youth Violence Juv Justice 7(3):172–188
Gao Y, Raine A, Schug RA (2011) P3 event-related potentials and childhood maltreatment in successful and unsuccessful psychopaths. Brain Cogn 77(2):176–182
Ishikawa SS, Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, Lacasse L (2001) Autonomic stress reactivity and executive functions in successful and unsuccessful criminal psychopaths from the community. J Abnorm Psychol 110(3):423–432
Raine A, Ishikawa SS, Arce E, Lencz T, Knuth KH, Bihrle S et al (2004) Hippocampal structural asymmetry in unsuccessful psychopaths. Biol Psychiatry 55(2):185–191
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kavish, N., Bailey, C., Sharp, C. et al. On the Relation Between General Intelligence and Psychopathic Traits: An Examination of Inpatient Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 49, 341–351 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0754-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0754-8