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Cyclohexane Produces Behavioral Deficits Associated with Astrogliosis and Microglial Reactivity in the Adult Hippocampus Mouse Brain

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Abstract

Cyclohexane is a volatile substance that has been utilized as a safe substitute of several organic solvents in diverse industrial processes, such as adhesives, paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, and rubber industry. A number of these commercial products are ordinarily used as inhaled drugs. However, it is not well known whether cyclohexane has noxious effects in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of cyclohexane inhalation on motor behavior, spatial memory, and reactive gliosis in the hippocampus of adult mice. We used a model that mimics recreational drug use in male Balb/C mice (P60), divided into two groups: controls and the cyclohexane group (exposed to 9,000 ppm of cyclohexane for 30 days). Both groups were then evaluated with a functional observational battery (FOB) and the Morris water maze (MWM). Furthermore, the relative expression of AP endonuclease 1 (APE1), and the number of astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) and microglia (Iba1+ cells) were quantified in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas. Our findings indicated that cyclohexane produced severe functional deficits during a recreational exposure as assessed by the FOB. The MWM did not show statistically significant changes in the acquisition and retention of spatial memory. Remarkably, a significant increase in the number of astrocytes and microglia cells, as well as in the cytoplasmic processes of these cells were observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas of cyclohexane-exposed mice. This cellular response was associated with an increase in the expression of APE1 in the same brain regions. In summary, cyclohexane exposure produces functional deficits that are associated with an important increase in the APE1 expression as well as the number of astrocytes and microglia cells and their cytoplasmic complexity in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the adult hippocampus.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from ConsejoNacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT; INFR2014-224359)andPrograma de Mejoramiento al Profesorado (PROMEP; 103.5/12/4857).

Conflict of interest

The authors have nothing to disclose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Facultad de Psicologia, DES Ciencias de la Salud, University of Colima, Av. Universidad 333, 28040, Colima, Col, Mexico

    Tania Campos-Ordonez, David Zarate-Lopez, Norma Moy-Lopez, Jorge Guzman-Muniz & Oscar Gonzalez-Perez

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jal, Mexico

    Alma Y. Galvez-Contreras

Authors
  1. Tania Campos-Ordonez
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  2. David Zarate-Lopez
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  3. Alma Y. Galvez-Contreras
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  4. Norma Moy-Lopez
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  5. Jorge Guzman-Muniz
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  6. Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
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Correspondence to Oscar Gonzalez-Perez.

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Campos-Ordonez, T., Zarate-Lopez, D., Galvez-Contreras, A.Y. et al. Cyclohexane Produces Behavioral Deficits Associated with Astrogliosis and Microglial Reactivity in the Adult Hippocampus Mouse Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 35, 503–512 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-014-0146-6

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