Abstract
Aim
This study estimated the prevalence of undetected, untreated and uncontrolled hypertension in Brunei Darussalam and the associations with socio-demographic and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors.
Subjects and methods
Participants were aged 18–69 years old from the national NCDs and risk factors survey in Brunei Darussalam, conducted from August 2015 to April 2016. Multiple logistic regression was applied to estimate the associations of undetected, untreated and uncontrolled hypertension with socio-demographic and NCDs risk factors.
Results
The crude prevalence of hypertension was estimated to be 40.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 37.2–43.6] in men and 32.3% (95% CI = 29.6–35.0) in women. Multivariable adjustment using logistic regression found that those who were currently married [odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, p < 0.001], have family history of hypertension (OR = 0.43, p < 0.001), reported buying food with low salt content (OR = 0.67, p = 0.039) and diabetic (OR = 0.28, p < 0.001) were found to be significantly less likely to have undetected hypertension. Amongst those who were previously diagnosed with hypertension, younger age groups, tobacco use and having no other NCDs diagnosis were found to have significantly higher odds of having untreated hypertension. Amongst those who were on antihypertensive treatment, having body mass index (BMI) 30 kg/m2 and above was significantly associated with lower odds of uncontrolled hypertension.
Conclusion
More than one-third (35.8%) of the adult population in Brunei Darussalam were found to have hypertension. Among them, over one-quarter (28.6%) of hypertension cases were not previously detected. Amongst those previously diagnosed with hypertension, more than one-third (35.1%) were not treated or on antihypertensive medication. Screening for hypertension should be emphasised in public health education and media campaigns so that hypertension can be detected and treated earlier.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the support from Hjh Naedawati Hj Morsidi, Department of Policy and Planning, Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam and Dr Hjh Norhayati Hj Kassim, Head of Health Promotion Centre, and Dr Hjh Musjarena Hj Abd Mulok, Head of Primary Healthcare Services, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam for her valuable input to the paper.
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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or non-for-profit sectors.
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Dr. Sok King ONG is responsible for the conception and design of the study, data analysis, interpretation of data for the study, drafting and revising of the manuscript.
Dr. Siti Zuhrini KAHAN is responsible for the interpretation of data, drafting and revising of the manuscript.
Dr. Daphne Teck Ching LAI is responsible for the data analysis, interpretation of data, drafting and revising of the manuscript.
Mr. Khairil Azhar SI-RAMLEE is responsible for the data analysis, interpretation of data for the study, drafting and revising of the manuscript.
Dr. Amirruddin ABDULLAH is responsible for the literature review and drafting of the manuscript.
Ms. Nazurah SIDUP is responsible for the data analysis, interpretation of data and drafting of the manuscript.
Mr. Zakaria KAMIS is responsible for the interpretation of data for the study and drafting of the manuscript.
Dr. Chean Lin CHONG is responsible for the interpretation of data for the study, drafting and revising of the manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests nor any conflict of interest in this manuscript.
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The STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) population study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical and Health Research and Ethics Committee (MHREC), Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam.
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Ong, S.K., Kahan, S.Z., Lai, D.T.C. et al. Prevalence of undetected hypertension and its association with socio-demographic and non-communicable diseases risk factors in Brunei Darussalam. J Public Health (Berl.) 31, 149–160 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01287-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01287-y