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Review: The distribution, flow, and quality of Grand Canyon Springs, Arizona (USA)

Revue: Distribution, flux et qualité des sources du Grand Canyon, Arizona (Etats-Unis d’Amérique)

Revisión: La distribución, el flujo y la calidad de manantiales de Grand Canyon, Arizona (EE.UU.)

论述:(美国)亚利桑那州大峡谷泉的分布、流量及水质

Revisão: A distribuição, escoamento, e qualidade das Nascentes do Grand Canyon, Arizona (EUA)

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Abstract

An understanding of the hydrogeology of Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) in northern Arizona, USA, is critical for future resource protection. The ~750 springs in GRCA provide both perennial and seasonal flow to numerous desert streams, drinking water to wildlife and visitors in an otherwise arid environment, and habitat for rare, endemic and threatened species. Spring behavior and flow patterns represent local and regional patterns in aquifer recharge, reflect the geologic structure and stratigraphy, and are indicators of the overall biotic health of the canyon. These springs, however, are subject to pressures from water supply development, changes in recharge from forest fires and other land management activities, and potential contamination. Roaring Springs is the sole water supply for residents and visitors (>6 million/year), and all springs support valuable riparian habitats with very high species diversity. Most springs flow from the karstic Redwall-Muav aquifer and show seasonal patterns in flow and water chemistry indicative of variable aquifer porosities, including conduit flow. They have Ca/Mg-HCO3 dominated chemistry and trace elements consistent with nearby deep wells drilled into the Redwall-Muav aquifer. Tracer techniques and water-age dating indicate a wide range of residence times for many springs, supporting the concept of multiple porosities. A perched aquifer produces small springs which issue from the contacts between sandstone and shale units, with variable groundwater residence times. Stable isotope data suggest both an elevational and seasonal difference in recharge between North and South Rim springs. This review highlights the complex nature of the groundwater system.

Résumé

Une compréhension de l’hydrogéologie du Parc National du Grand Canyon (GRCA) dans le nord de l’Arizona, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, est. nécessaire pour la future protection de la ressource. Les quelques 750 sources du GRCA apportent des flux aussi bien pérennes que saisonniers à de nombreux cours d’eau du désert, de l’eau de boisson à la faune sauvage et aux visiteurs dans un environnement aride sans cela, et un habitat pour des espèces rares, endémiques et menacées. Le comportement des sources et modalités de flux représentent les schémas locaux et régionaux de la recharge des aquifères, reflètent la structure géologique et stratigraphique, et sont des indicateurs de la santé globale du biote du canyon. Ces sources, toutefois, sont sujettes à diverses pressions exercées par le développement de l’approvisionnement en eau, par les modifications de la recharge du fait des feux de forêts et d’autres activités de gestion du territoire, et à des contaminations potentielles. La source Roaring est. l’unique approvisionnement en eau pour les résidents et les visiteurs (>6 millions/an), et toutes les sources soutiennent les habitats riverains caractérisés par une très grande diversité d’espèces. La plupart du flux des sources provient de l’aquifère karstique de Redwall-Muay et montre une variabilité saisonnière de flux et de qualité des eaux indiquant des porosités d’aquifère variables, y compris les écoulements en conduits. Elles ont une chimie de type Ca/Mg-HCO3 dominant et des éléments traces en accord avec celle des puits profonds forés dans l’aquifère de Redwall-Muav. Les techniques de traçage et de datation des eaux indiquent une large gamme de temps de résidence pour de nombreuses sources, confirmant ainsi le concept de porosité multiple. Un aquifère perché produit des petites sources au niveau des contacts entre les grès et les schistes, caractérisées par des temps de résidence variable des eaux souterraines. Les données d’isotopes stables suggèrent à la fois une différence d’altitude et de saison de la recharge entre les sources du Nord et du Sud de Rim. Cette revue met en évidence la nature complexe du système aquifère.

Resumen

Una comprensión de la hidrogeología del Parque Nacional del Gran Cañón (GRCA) en el norte de Arizona, EE.UU., es fundamental para la futura protección de los recursos. Los ~750 manantiales en GRCA proporcionan el flujo estacional y perenne a las numerosas corrientes del desierto, agua de bebida para la fauna y los visitantes en un ambiente de otra manera árido, y el hábitat para las especies raras, endémicas y amenazadas. Los patrones de comportamiento y flujo del manantial representan patrones locales y regionales en la recarga del acuífero, reflejan la estructura geológica y la estratigrafía, y son indicadores de la salud biótica general del cañón. Estos manantiales, sin embargo, están sujetos a presiones del desarrollo del suministro de agua, cambios en la recarga a partir de los incendios forestales y otras actividades de manejo de la tierra, y la potencial contaminación. Roaring Springs es el único abastecimiento de agua para residentes y visitantes (> 6 millones/año), y todos los manantiales apoyan hábitats ribereños valiosos con una diversidad muy alta de especies. La mayoría de los manantiales fluyen por el acuífero kárstico de Redwall-Muav y muestran patrones estacionales en el flujo y la química del agua indicativa de porosidades variables del acuífero, incluyendo el flujo de conducto. La química dominante es Ca/Mg-HCO3 y elementos trazas congruentes con los pozos profundos cercanos perforados en el acuífero Redwall-Muav. Las técnicas de trazabilidad y la datación de la edad del agua indican un amplio rango de tiempos de residencia para muchos manantiales, apoyando el concepto de porosidades múltiples. Un acuífero colgado produce pequeños manantiales que descargan en los contactos entre unidades de arenisca y pizarra, con tiempos variables de residencia en el agua subterránea. Los datos de isótopos estables sugieren una diferencia de elevación y estacional en la recarga entre los manantiales del borde Norte y Sur. Esta revisión destaca la naturaleza compleja del sistema de agua subterránea.

摘要

了解美国亚利桑那州北部大峡谷国家公园的水文地质状况对于未来的资源保护至关重要。大峡谷国家公园内的大约750个泉常年及季节性地流向众多的沙漠河流、为原本干旱环境中的野生动物和造访者提供饮用水、为稀有、地方性和受到威胁的五种提供栖息地。泉的特性和水流模式在含水层补给中代表局部和区域模式,反映着地质构造和地层状况,是大峡谷所有生物健康的指示。然而,这些泉遭受着供水开发、由于森立火灾导致的补给变化、其它土地管理活动导致的补给变化以及潜在污染等等方面的压力。吼泉群是居民和造访者( > 6百万/年)唯一的供水水源,所有的泉支撑宝贵的、具有高度种群多样性的河边栖息地。大多数分泉从Redwall-Muav岩溶含水层流出,在水流和水化学上显示出季节特征,表明多变的含水层多孔性,包括管道水流。这些水主要的化学类型为Ca/Mg-HCO3,化学类型和示踪元素与附近的位于Redwall-Muav含水层的深井的化学类型和失踪元素一致。示踪技术和水年龄测年表明,许多泉的滞留时间范围很宽,这种现象支持多重多孔性的概念。上层滞水含水层产生很小的泉,从砂岩和页岩之间的接触带流出,地下水的滞留时间各异。稳定同位素数据表明,北缘和南缘的泉在补给上存在着海拔和季节性差异。本篇论述着重强调了地下水系统的复杂性质。

Resumo

O entendimento da hidrogeologia do Parque Nacional do Grand Canyon (PNGC) no norte do Arizona, EUA, é crítico para a proteção futura de recursos. As ~750 nascentes no PNGC fornecem tanto o escoamento perene quanto sazonal para numerosos cursos d’água do deserto, água para consumo da vida selvagem e para visitantes em um ambiente que, de outra forma, seria árido, e habitat para espécies raras, endêmicas e ameaçadas. O comportamento das nascentes e padrões de escoamento representam os padrões locais e regionais na recarga subterrânea, refletem a estrutura geológica e estratigráfica, e são indicadores da saúde biótica do canyon em geral. Essas nascentes, no entanto, estão sujeitas à pressões geradas em razão da demanda de água necessárias ao desenvolvimento, mudanças na recarga devido aos incêndios nas florestas e outras atividades de gestão da terra, e contaminação potencial. “Roaring Springs” é o único abastecimento de água para residentes e visitantes (> 6 milhões/ano), e todas as nascentes dão suporte para habitats ripários valiosos com uma diversidade de espécies bastante elevada. A maioria das nascentes fluem do aquífero cárstico Redwall-Muav e apresentam padrões sazonais no escoamento e química da água indicando porosidades variáveis do aquífero, inclusive escoamento preferencial por condutos. Quimicamente, essas nascentes são dominadas por Ca/Mg-HCO3 e elementos traço consistentes com poços profundos da redondeza perfurados no aquífero Redwall-Muav. Técnicas com traçadores e datação da idade da água indicam ampla variedade de tempos de residência para muitas nascentes, embasando o conceito de múltiplas porosidades. Um aquitardo produz pequenas nascentes que fluem dos contatos entre unidades de arenito e xisto, com variáveis tempos de residência da água subterrânea. Dados de isótopos estáveis sugerem tanto uma elevação quanto uma diferença sazonal na recarga entre as nascentes da borda/margem norte e sul. Essa revisão destaca a natureza complexa do sistema da água subterrânea.

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Acknowledgements

This manuscript relied on the work of many researchers over many years. Their contributions to the science of the Grand Canyon is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to particularly note thanks to Donald Bills, Peter Huntoon, Larry Stevens, Jeri Ledbetter, Stephen Monroe, Laura Crossey, former Grand Canyon staff (Cynthia Valle, Steve Rice, and John Rihs) and numerous students (Casey Korby, Andres Guerrero, Marcio Pinto, Casey Jones, and Nathan Noble).

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Tobin, B.W., Springer, A.E., Kreamer, D.K. et al. Review: The distribution, flow, and quality of Grand Canyon Springs, Arizona (USA). Hydrogeol J 26, 721–732 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1688-8

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