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Extreme Climatic Event Triggers a Lake Regime Shift that Propagates Across Multiple Trophic Levels

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Abstract

Extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves and droughts, are occurring more frequently in many regions of the world. Lakes may be especially vulnerable to climatic perturbations, which can trigger sudden ecosystem changes through alterations in the hydrologic regime. However, the nature of lake response to climatic extremes, and associated long-term ecosystem-level implications are difficult to predict, due to the paucity of time series allowing exploration of ecosystem behavior before, during, and after extreme events. We investigated the impacts of the 2003 European heatwave on a small, stratifying lake by analyzing available limnological data between 1986 and 2012. In summer 2003, a shift from an unvegetated to a macrophyte-dominated regime occurred, due to the rapid spread of a benthic charophyte. We explored candidate mechanisms driving the shift by comparing empirical observations with the outcome of a model on lake alternative states parameterized for our study lake. Our results support the hypothesis that enhanced light availability due to a heatwave-induced decrease in water level drove the switch in dominant primary producers. The spread of the charophyte was associated with strong depletion of inorganic nutrients and suppression of the typical summer phytoplankton peak. These bottom-up interactions triggered cascading effects at higher trophic levels, inducing a decline in herbivorous zooplankters with high food requirements and in predatory taxa. Some of the changes in the lake food web persist through the available time series. If incidence of heatwaves increases, as projected across temperate regions, our findings suggest that abrupt and long-lasting ecosystem-level reorganizations may occur in small, stratifying lakes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Pierluigi Viaroli, Marco Bartoli, Daniele Nizzoli, Stefano Bonaglia, and all students and colleagues at the University of Parma for helping with field and lab work over the years. Rossano Bolpagni and Mattia Azzella performed taxonomic identification of Nitella gracilis. Claire Thomas kindly provided data on solar irradiation managed by MINES ParisTech, ARMINES, and TRANSVALOR. Research at Lake Scuro was funded by different projects over time, including the EnvEurope Life+ project (LIFE08 ENV/IT/000339), NextData—“Data-LTER-Mountain” and the LifeWatch network. We would like to dedicate this work to Ireneo Ferrari, who started the long-term research program at Lake Scuro.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124, Parma, Italy

    Isabella Bertani & Giampaolo Rossetti

  2. Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway

    Raul Primicerio

  3. Water Center, Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan, 625 E. Liberty St., Suite 300, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104, USA

    Isabella Bertani

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  1. Isabella Bertani
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Correspondence to Isabella Bertani.

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GR conceived the study. GR and IB performed research. IB, GR, and RP analyzed data and wrote the paper.

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Bertani, I., Primicerio, R. & Rossetti, G. Extreme Climatic Event Triggers a Lake Regime Shift that Propagates Across Multiple Trophic Levels. Ecosystems 19, 16–31 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9914-5

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