Abstract
Whole-rock geochemical and radiogenic data are combined with in situ trace and isotopic analyses of amphibole grains to characterize the source and the emplacement mechanisms of the magmas of the Sunda arc in the Batu Hijau district, Sumbawa, Indonesia. The low-K calc-alkaline magmatic suite in the area is characterized by a distinctively juvenile signature (143Nd/144Nd ~0.5130). Whole-rock trace element and Pb isotopic data (207Pb/204Pb ~15.603) suggest the involvement of a minimal (<0.1%) sediment component in arc petrogenesis. During the petrogenesis of the calc-alkaline plutons, the involvement of fluids that were not entirely derived from the dehydration of a subducting slab is reflected in the mineral chemistry of the primary hydrous magmatic amphiboles, which contain very low B and Li concentrations. We argue that the B- and Li-poor fluids implicated in the petrogenesis of the calc-alkaline melts were at least partially derived from dehydration of uprising asthenospheric mantle. The δD values of selected hydrous magmatic amphibole grains range between ca. −70‰ and 0‰, consistent with an original mantle-derived signature, which was subsequently modified due to a de-hydrogenation process. We put forward the hypothesis that in the Batu Hijau district an arc-transverse fault system facilitated the rise of asthenosphere-derived melts above a kink, or tear, in the subducting Indian Ocean Plate that underlies the Sunda arc. The melts ascended to upper-crustal levels and underwent fractionation while interacting with the arc crust or metasomatized lithospheric mantle wedge. As a result of this study, we emphasize the significance of crustal-scale faults as conduits that connect the mantle to upper-crustal levels in arc settings. The de-hydrogenation process that the tonalite plutons underwent in the Batu Hijau district may have been crucial to the genesis of associated Cu–Au porphyry mineralization and the development of the Pliocene Batu Hijau deposit. Consequently, we argue that deep structures may facilitate the efficient release of mineralizing fluids at high crustal-levels.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the financial support given by the Australian Research Council: sample preparation and all analytical costs were funded by grant DP0345971. We thank three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and criticism of a previous version of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Etienne Deloule and Norman Pearson for assistance during analytical sessions. Insightful comments and stimulating discussion with Steve Beresford, Craig Hart, John Mavrogenes, Cam McCuaig and Ignacio Gonzalez-Alvarez are greatly appreciated. The field-work, whole-rock trace element and radiogenic isotopic studies, and radiometric age-dating presented in this study are compiled from the Ph.D. thesis of the second author, who acknowledges the support of Newmont Mining Corporation. This study used instrumentation funded by ARC LIEF and DEST Systemic Infrastructure Grants, Macquarie University and industry (www.es.mq.edu.au/GEMOC/).
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Fiorentini, M.L., Garwin, S.L. Evidence of a mantle contribution in the genesis of magmatic rocks from the Neogene Batu Hijau district in the Sunda Arc, South Western Sumbawa, Indonesia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 159, 819–837 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-009-0457-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-009-0457-7