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Within- and transgenerational effects of ocean acidification on life history of marine three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

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Abstract

Some studies have demonstrated that elevated CO2 concentrations in ocean waters negatively impact metabolism and development of marine fish. Particularly, early developmental stages are probably more susceptible to ocean acidification due to insufficient regulations of their acid-base balance. Transgenerational acclimation can be an important mechanism to mediate impacts of increased CO2 on marine species, yet very little is known about the potential of parental effects in teleosts. Therefore, transgenerational effects were investigated on life history in juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus by acclimating parents (collected in April 2012, 55°03′N, 8°44′E) and offspring to ambient (~400 µatm) and elevated (~1,000 µatm) CO2 levels and measured parental fecundity as well as offspring survival, growth and otolith characteristics. Exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations led to an increase in clutch size in adults as well as increased juvenile survival and growth rates between 60 and 90 days post-hatch and enlarged otolith areas compared with fish from ambient CO2 concentrations. Moreover, transgenerational effects were observed in reduced survival and body size 30 days post-hatch as well as in enlarged otoliths at the end of the experiment, when fathers or both parents were acclimated to the high-CO2 environment. These results may suggest that elevated CO2 concentrations had rather positive effects on life-history traits of three-spined sticklebacks, but that parental acclimation can modify these effects without improving offspring fitness. Although the mechanistic basis of such transgenerational acclimation remains unclear, selective gradients within generations seem to determine the direction of transgenerational effects.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the crew from the RV “MYA” for help with fishing in the Sylt-Rømø-Bight, Lars Gutow for giving a comprehensive introduction to water chemistry and all members of the Coastal Ecological Genetics group for feeding fish on weekends. The study was funded by DFG Emmy Noether Programme Grant WE 4614/1-1.

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  1. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Hafenstrasse 43, 25992, List, Sylt, Germany

    Franziska M. Schade & K. Mathias Wegner

  2. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    Catriona Clemmesen

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  1. Franziska M. Schade
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  2. Catriona Clemmesen
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Correspondence to Franziska M. Schade.

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Communicated by H. Pörtner.

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Schade, F.M., Clemmesen, C. & Mathias Wegner, K. Within- and transgenerational effects of ocean acidification on life history of marine three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mar Biol 161, 1667–1676 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2450-6

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