Microwave-assisted extraction method for the determination of atrazine and four organophosphorus pesticides in oranges by gas chromatography (GC)

Abstract

A simple and rapid microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method is presented for the determination of atrazine and four organophosphorus pesticides (parathion-methyl, chlorpyriphos, fenamiphos and methidathion) in orange peel. The experimental variables that affect the MAE method, such as temperature, sample quantity, extraction time, nature and volume of organic solvents, were optimized. The MAE method was optimized using an experimental design. The results suggest that temperature and sample quantity are statistically significant factors. It was concluded that the five pesticides could be efficiently extracted from 1.5–2.5 g of orange peel with 10 mL of hexane/acetone (1 : 1) mixture at 90 °C in 9 min with microwave power set at 50% (475 W). After optimization these factors, recoveries ranged from 93 to 101% with a relative standard deviation ranging from 1 to 3%. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD).