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Recent advances in graphite powder-based electrodes

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Abstract

Graphite powder-based electrodes have the electrochemical performance of quasi-noble metal electrodes with intrinsic advantages related to the possibility of modification to enhance selectivity and their easily renewable surface, with no need for hazardous acids or bases for their cleaning. In contrast with commercial electrodes, for example screen-printed or sputtered-chip electrodes, graphite powder-based electrodes can also be fabricated in any laboratory with the form and characteristics desired. They are also readily modified with advanced materials, with relatively high reproducibility. All these characteristics make them a very interesting option for obtaining a large variety of electrodes to resolve different kinds of analytical problems. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art, advantages, and disadvantages of graphite powder-based electrodes in electrochemical analysis in the 21st century. It includes recent trends in carbon paste electrodes, devoting special attention to the use of emergent materials as new binders and to the development of other composite electrodes. The most recent advances in the use of graphite powder-modified sol–gel electrodes are also described. The development of sonogel–carbon electrodes and their use in electrochemical sensors and biosensors is included. These materials extend the possibilities of applications, especially for industrial technology-transfer purposes, and their development could affect not only electroanalytical green chemistry but other interesting areas also, for example catalysis and energy conversion and storage.

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Acknowledgments

Financial supports from Junta de Andalucía (FQM-249, P08-FQM-04006), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain and FEDER founds (CTQ2010-19058/BQU) are acknowledged.

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  1. Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, C/ Republica Saharaui S/N, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain

    Dolores Bellido-Milla, Laura Ma Cubillana-Aguilera, Mohammed El Kaoutit, Ma Purificación Hernández-Artiga, José Luis Hidalgo-Hidalgo de Cisneros, Ignacio Naranjo-Rodríguez & José Ma Palacios-Santander

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  1. Dolores Bellido-Milla
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  2. Laura Ma Cubillana-Aguilera
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Correspondence to José Luis Hidalgo-Hidalgo de Cisneros.

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Published in the topical collection Amperometric Sensing with guest editors Renato Seeber, Fabio Terzi, and Chiara Zanardi.

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Bellido-Milla, D., Cubillana-Aguilera, L.M., El Kaoutit, M. et al. Recent advances in graphite powder-based electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 405, 3525–3539 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6816-2

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