References
Beatson G.T. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: Suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Lancet ii: 104, 1968.
Kennedy B.J. Hormone therapy in cancer. Geriatrics 25: 106, 1970.
Manni A., Trujillo J.E., Marshall J.S., Rodkey B., Pearson O.H. Antihormone treatment of stage IV breast cancer. Cancer 43: 444, 1979.
Santen R.J., Wells S.A. The use of aminoglutethimide in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 46: 1066, 1980.
Jensen E.V., Block G.E., Smith S., Kyser K., DeSombre E.R. Estrogen receptors and breast cancer response to adrenalectomy. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 34: 55, 1971.
McGuire W.L. Steroid receptors and clinical breast cancer. In: Bresciani F., (Ed.), Perspectives in Steroid Receptor Research. Raven Press, New York, 1980, p. 239.
Lippman M.E., Allegra J.C. Quantitative estrogen receptor analysis: The response to endocrine and cytotoxic chemotherapy in human breast cancer and disease-free interval. Cancer 46: 2829, 1980.
DeSombre E.R., Thorpe S.M., Rose C., Blough R.R., Anderson K.W., Rasmussen B.B., King W.J. Prognostic usefulness of estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assays for human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 46: 4256S, 1986.
Horwitz K., McGuire W.L. Estrogen control of progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor in human breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 2223, 1978.
McGuire W.L., Horwitz K.B. Progesterone receptor in breast cancer. In: McGuire W.L., (Ed.), Hormones, Receptors, and Breast Cancer. Raven Press, New York, 1978, p. 31.
Bloom N., Tobin E., Degenshein G.A. Clinical correlations of endocrine ablation with estrogen and progesterone receptors in advanced breast cancer. In: McGuire W.L., Raynaud J.-P., Baulieu E., (Eds.), Progesterone Receptors in Normal and Neoplastic Tissue. Raven Press, New York, 1977, vol. 4, p. 125.
Arafah B.M., Manni A., Pearson O.H. Effect of hypophysectomy and hormone replacement on hormone receptor levels and the growth of 7, 12-dimethylbenza(a)-anthracene-induced mammary tumor in the rat. Endocrinology 107: 1364, 1980.
Ip M., Milholland R.J., Rosen F., Kim U. Mammary cancer: Selective action of the estrogen receptor complex. Science 203: 361, 1979.
Fisher B., Redmond C., Brown A., Wickerman D.L., Wolmark N., Allegra J., Escher G., Lippman M., Savlov E., Wittliff J. Influence of tumor estrogen and progesterone receptor levels on the response to tamoxifen and chemotherapy in primary breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1: 227, 1983.
Pearson O.H., Hubay C.A., Marshall J.S., Gordon N.H., McGuire W.L., Mansour E.G., Hermann R.E., Jones J.C., Flynn W.J., Eckert C. Adjuvant endocrine therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in stage II breast cancer: Five year survival. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 3 (Suppl.): 61, 1983.
Novaldex Adjuvant Trial Organization. Controlled trial of tamoxifen as a single adjuvant agent in the management of early breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 57: 608, 1988.
Knight W.A., Livingston R.B., Gregory E.J. Estrogen receptor as an independent prognostic factor for early recurrence in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 37: 4669, 1977.
Samaan N., Buzdar A.U., Aldinger K.A. Estrogen receptor. A prognostic factor in breast cancer. Cancer 47: 554, 1981.
Saez S., Chouvet C., Mayer M., Cheix F. Estradiol and progesterone receptors as prognostic factors in human primary breast tumors. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 21: 139, 1980.
Pichon M.-F., Pallud C., Brunet M., Milgrom E. Relationship of presence of progesterone receptors to prognosis early in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 40: 3357, 1980.
Bertuzzi A., Vezzoni P., Ronchi E. Prognostic importance of progesterone receptors alone or in combination with estrogen receptors in node negative breast carcinoma. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 22: 447, 1981.
Clark G.M., McGuire W.L., Hubay C.A. Progesterone receptor as a prognostic factor in stage II breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 1343, 1983.
Bates S.E., Davidson N.E., Valverius E.M., Freter C.E., Dickson R.B., Tam J.P., Kudlow J.E., Lippman M.E., Salomon D.S. Expression of transforming growth factor α and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human breast cancer: Its regulation by estrogen and its possible functional significance. Molec. Endocrinol. 2: 543, 1988.
Dickson R.B., McManaway M.E., Lippman M.E. Estrogen-induced factors of breast cancer cells partially replace estrogen to promote tumor growth. Science 232: 1540, 1986.
Sainsbury J.R.S., Farndon J.R., Needham G.K., Malcolm A.J., Harris A.L. Epidermal-growth-factor receptor status as predictor of early recurrence and death from breast cancer. Lancet i: 1398, 1987.
Wrba F., Reiner A., Ritzinger E., Holzner J.H., Reiner G. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on breast carcinomas in relation to growth fractions, estrogen receptor status and morphological criteria. Pat. Res. Pract. 183: 25, 1988.
Pekonon F., Partanen S., Makinen T., Rutanen E.M. Receptors for epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I and their relation to steroid receptors in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 48: 1343, 1988.
Pearson O.H., Manni A. Endocrine ablative procedures for breast cancer. In: Bulbrook R.D., Taylor D.J., (Eds.), Comments on Research in Breast Cancer. Alan R. Liss Inc., New York, 1979, p. 164.
Manni A., Santen R., Harvey H., Lipton A., Max D. Treatment of breast cancer with gonadotropin releasing hormone. Endocrine Rev. 7: 89, 1986.
Pearson O.H., Ray B.S. A comparison of the results of adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in carcinoma of the breast. In: Raven R.W., (Ed.), Cancer (Hormone Therapy). Butterworth. London, 1959, vol. 6, p. 335.
Pearson O.H., Ray B.S. Hypophysectomy in the treatment of metastatic mammary cancer. Am. J. Surg. 99: 544, 1960.
Manni A., Arafah B.M., Pearson O.H. Medical hypophysectomy in advanced breast cancer. In: Rose D.P., (Ed.), Endocrinology of Cancer. CRF Press, Boca Raton, 1982, vol. 3, p. 175.
Pearson O.H., Molina A., Butler T., Llerena T., Nasr H. Estrogen Target Tissue and Neoplasia. In: Dao T.L. (Ed.), Estrogen and Prolactin in mammary cancer, in Estrogen target tissue and neoplasia. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1972, p. 287.
Pearson O.H., West C.D., Treves N. The role of ovarian function in the growth of mammary carcinoma in man. J. Clin. Invest. 32: 594, 1953.
Teller M.N., Stock C.C., Bowie M. Effects of 17α-thioestradiol, 2 estradiol analogs, and 2 androgens on 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 26: 2329, 1966.
Kennedy B.J., Nathanson I.T. Effects of intensive sex steroid hormone therapy in advanced breast cancer. JAMA 154: 234, 1954.
Ingle J.N., Ahmann D.L., Green S.L., Edmonson J.H., Bisel H.F., Kvols L.K., Nichols W.C., Creagan E.T., Hahn R.G., Rubin J., Frytak S. Randomized clinical trial of diethylstilbestrol versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 304: 16, 1981.
Beex L., Pieters G., Smals A., Koenders A., Benraad T., Kloppenborg P. Tamoxifen versus ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep. 65: 179, 1981.
Haller D.G., Glick J.H. Progestational agents in advanced breast cancer: An overview. Sem. Oncol. 13: 2, 1986.
Council on Drugs. Androgens and estrogens in the treatment of disseminated mammary carcinoma. J.A.M.A. 172: 1271, 1960.
Klijn J.G., de Jong F.H., Lamberts S.W., Blankenstein M.A. LHRH-agonist treatment in clinical and experimental human breast cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. 23 (58): 867, 1985.
Nicholson R.I., Walker K.J., Turkes A., Dyas J., Gotting K.E., Plowman P.N., Williams M., Elston C.W., Blamey R.V. The British experience with the LH-RH agonist zoladex (ICI 118630) in the treatment of breast cancer. In: Klijn J.G.M., Paridaens R., Foekens J.A., (Eds.), Hormonal Manipulation of Cancer: Peptides, Growth Factors, and New (Anti) Steroid Agents. Raven Press, New York, 1987, p. 331.
Miller W.R., Scott W.N., Morris R., Fraser H.M., Sharpe R.M. Growth of human breast cancer cells inhibited by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Nature 313: 231, 1985.
Harvey H.A., Lipton A., Santen R.J., Escher G.C., Hardy M.A., Glode L.M., Segaloff A., Landau R.L., Scheir H., Max D.T. Phase II study of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (Leuprolide) in postmenopausal advanced breast cancer patients. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res./Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 22: 444, 1981 (Abstract).
Mathe G., Keiling R., Vovan M.L., Gastiaburu J., Pre’vot G., Vannetzel J.M., Despax R., Jasmin C., Levi F., Musset M., Machover D., Misset J.L. Phase II trial of D-Trp-6.-LH-RH in advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 22: 723, 1986.
Plowman P.N., Nicholson R.I., Walker K.J. Remission of metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (ICI 118630) therapy. Eur. J. Cancer 22: 746, 1986.
Waxman J.H., Harland S.J., Coombes R.C., Wrigley P.F., Malpas J.S., Powles T. Lister T.A. The treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer with buserelin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 15: 171, 1985.
Coezy E., Borgna J.-L., Rochefort H. Tamoxifen and metabolities in MCF-7 cells: Correlation between binding to estrogen receptor and inhibition of cell growth. Cancer Res. 42: 317, 1982.
Eckert R.L., Katzenellenbogen B.S. Physical properties of estrogen receptor complexes in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: Differences with antiestrogen and estrogen. J. Biol.Chem. 257: 8840, 1982.
Eckert R.L., Katzenellenbogen B.S. Effects of estrogen and antiestrogens on estrogen receptor dynamics and the induction of progesterone receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 42: 139, 1982.
Bardon S., Vignon F., Derocq D., Rochefort H. The antiproliferative effect of tamoxifen in breast cancer cells: mediation by the estrogen receptor. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 35: 89, 1984.
Ben-Baruch G., Schrieber G., Sokolovsky M. Cooperativity pattern in the interaction of the anti-oestrogen drug clomiphene the muscarinic receptors. Molec. Pharmacol. 21: 287, 1982.
Hiemke C., Graf R. Interactions of non-steroidal antiestrogens with dopamine-receptor binding. J. Steroid Biochem. 21: 663, 1984.
Brandes J.L., MacDonald L.M., Bogdanovic R.P. Evidence that the antiestrogen binding sites is a histamine or histamine-like receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 126: 905, 1985.
Greenburg D.A., Carpenter C.L., Messing R.O. Calcium channel antagonist properties of the anti-neoplastic antiestrogen tamoxifen in the PC-12 neurosecretory cell line. Cancer Res. 47: 70, 1987.
Lam H.-Y.P. Tamoxifen is a calmodulin antagonist in the activation of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 118: 27, 1984.
Su H.D., Mazzei G.J., Vogler W.R., Kuo J.F. Effect of tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, on phospholipid/calcium-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate proteins from the rat brain and ovary. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34: 3649, 1985.
Sutherland R.L., Murphy L.C., Foo M.S., Green M.D., Whybourne A.M., Krozowski Z.S. High-affinity antiestrogen binding sites distinct from the oestrogen receptor. Nature, 288: 273, 1980.
Cole M.P., Jones C.T.A., Todd I.D.H. A new antioestrogenic agent in late breast cancer. An early clinical appraisal of ICI 46474. Br. J. Cancer 25: 270, 1971.
Furr B.J., Patterson J.S., Richardson D.N., Furr B.J., Patterson J.S., Richardson D.N., Slater S.R., Wakeling A.E. Tamoxifen. In: American Pharmaceutical Association. Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Washington, DC: 1979, p. 355.
Manni A., Arafah B.M. Tamoxifen-induced remission in breast cancer by escalating the dose to 40 mg daily after progression on 20 mg daily: A case report and review of the literature. Cancer 48: 873, 1981.
Stewart J.F., Minton M.J., Rubens R.D. Trial of tamoxifen at a dose of 40 mg daily after disease progression during tamoxifen therapy at a dose of 20 mg daily. Cancer Treat. Rep. 66: 1445, 1982.
Boccardo F., Brazzi P., Rubagotti A. Nicol G.U., Rosso R. Oestrogen-like action of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium in breast cancer patients. Rev. Endocrine Rel. Cancer 9 (Suppl.): 242, 1981.
Jordan V.C., Fritz N.F., Tormey D.C. Long-term adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen: Effects on sex hormone binding globulin and antithrombin III. Cancer Res. 47: 4517, 1987.
Von Kaulla E., Droegemueller W., Abol N. Antithrombin III depression and thrombin acceleration in women taking oral contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109: 868, 1975.
Lipton A., Harvey H.A., Hamilton R.W. Venous thrombosis as a side effect of tamoxifen treatment. Cancer Treat. Rep. 68: 887, 1984.
Lindsay R., Hart D.M., Forrest C., Baird C. Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomized women. Lancet ii: 1151, 1980.
Jordan V.C., Phelps E., Lindgren J.U. Effects of anti-estrogen on bone in castrated and intact female rats. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 10: 31, 1987.
Legha S.S., Buzdar A.U., Hortobagyi G.N., Wiseman C., Benjamin R.S., Blumenschein G.R. Tamoxifen. Use in treatment of metastatic breast cancer refractory to combination chemotherapy. JAMA 242: 49, 1979.
Westberg H. Tamoxifen and gluoxymesterone in advanced breast cancer: A controlled clinical trial. Cancer Treat. Rep. 64: 117, 1980.
Mattson W. A phase III trial of treatment with tamoxifen versus treatment with high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer. In: Iacobelli S., DiMarco A., (Eds.), Role of Medroxyprogesterone in Endocrine-related Tumors. Progress in Cancer Research and Treatment. Raven Press, New York, 1980, vol. 15, p. 65.
Pannuti F., Martoni A., Fruet F., Burroni P., Canova N., Hall S. Oral high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. In: Iacobelli S., Lippman M.E., Robustelli Della Cuna G., (Eds.), The Role of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer. Raven Press, New York, 1982, p. 85.
Muss H.B., Wells H.B., Paschold E.H., Black W.R., Cooper M.R., Capizzi R.L., Christian R., Cruz J.M., Jackson D.V., Powell B.L., Richards II F., White D.R., Zekan P.J., Spurr C.L., Pope E., Case D., Morgan T.M. Megestrol Acetate Versus Tamoxifen in Advanced Breast Cancer: 5-Year Analysis-A Phase III Trial of the Piedmont Oncology Association. J. Clin. Oncol. 6: 1098, 1988.
Smith I.E., Harris A.L., Morgan M., Ford H.T., Gazet J.-C., Harmer C.L., White H., Parsons C.A., Villardo A., Walsh G., McKinna J.A. Tamoxifen versus aminoglutethimide in advanced breast carcinoma: A randomized cross-over trial. Br. Med. J. 283: 1432, 1981.
Lipton A., Harvey H.A., Santen R.J., Boucher A., White D., Bemath A., Dixon R., Richards G., Shafik A. Randomized trial of aminoglutethimide versus tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. 42 (Suppl.): 3434s, 1982.
Mouridsen H.T., Salimtschik M., Dombernowsky P., Gelshoj K., Palshof T., Rorth M., Daehnfeld J.L., Rose C. Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen versus combined tamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. In: Mouridsen H.T., Palshof T., (Eds.), Breast Cancer: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. Pergamon Press. Oxford, 1980, p. 107.
Tormey D.C., Lippman M.E., Edwards B.K. Evaluation of tamoxifen doses with and without fluoxymesterone in advanced breast cancer. Ann. Intern. Med. 98: 139, 1983.
Mouridsen H.T., Ellemann K., Mattsson W., Palshof T., Daehnfeldt J.L., Rose C. Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen versus tamoxifen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Treat. Rep. 63: 171, 1979.
Forastiere A.A., Braun T.J., Wittes R.E., Hakes T.B., Kaufman R.J. Sequential vs. simultaneous tamoxifen (T) and megace (megesterol acetate) (M) in advanced breast cancer. In: Twelfth International Congress of Chemotherapy. Florence, Italy, July 1981, p. 101.
Smith I.E., Harris A.L., Morgan M., Gazet J.-C., McKinna J.A. Tamoxifen versus aminoglutethimide versus combined tamoxifen and aminoglutethimide in the treatment of advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 42 (Suppl.): 3430s, 1982.
Ingle J.N., Green S.J., Ahmann D.L., Edmonson J.H., Nichols W.C., Frytak S., Rubin J. Progress report ot two clinical trials in women with advanced breast cancer. Trial I: Tamoxifen versus tamoxifen plus aminoglutethimide; trial II: Aminoglutethimide in patients with tamoxifen exposure. Cancer Res. 42 (Suppl.): 3461s, 1982.
Kardinal C.G., Perry M.C., Weinberg V. Chemoendocrine therapy vs. chemotherapy alone for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Preliminary report of a randomized study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 3: 365, 1983.
Cocconi G., De Lisi V., Boni C. Chemotherapy versus combination of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. Cancer 51: 581, 1983.
Manni A., Pearson O.H. Antiestrogen-induced remissions in premenopausal women with stage IV breast cancer. Effects on ovarian function. Cancer Treat. Rep. 64: 779, 1980.
Hoogstraten B., Fletcher W.S., Gad-el-Mawla N., Maloney T., Altman S.J., Vaughn C.B., Foulkes M.A. Tamoxifen and oophorectomy in the treatment of recurrent breast cancer. Cancer Res. 42: 4788, 1980.
Pritchard K.I., Thomson D.B., Myers R.E., Sutherland D.J.A., Mobbs B.G., Meakin J.W. Tamoxifen therapy in premenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep 64: 779, 1980.
Fisher B., Brown A., Wolmark N., Redmond C., Wickerman D.L., Wittliff J., Dimitrov N., Legault-Poisson S., Schipper H., Prager D. Prolonging tamoxifen therapy for primary breast cancer. Findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project clinical trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 106: 649, 1987.
Longcope C., Pratt J.H., Schneider S.H., Fineberg S.E. Aromatization of androgens by muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46: 146, 1978.
Smuk M., Schivers J. Aromatization of androstenedione by human adult liver in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 1009, 1977.
Berkowitz G.D., Fujimoto M., Brown T., Brodie A.M., Migeon C.J. Aromatase activity in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59: 665, 1984.
Abdul-Hajj Y.J., Overson R., Kian D.T. Aromatization of androgens by human breast cancer. Steroids 33: 205, 1979.
Santen R.J. Aromatase inhibition for treatment of breast cancer: Current concepts and new perspectives. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 7 (Suppl.): 23, 1986.
Cohen M.P., Foa P.P. Aminoglutethimide inhibition of adrenal desmolase activity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127: 1086, 1969.
Dexter R.N., Fishman L.M., Ney R.L., Liddle G.W. Inhibition of adrenal corticosteroid synthesis by aminoglutethimide: Studies of the mechanism of action. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27: 473, 1967.
Santen R.J., Brodie A.M.H. Suppression of oestrogen production as treatment of breast carcinoma: Pharmacological and clinical studies with aromatase inhibitors. In: Furr B.J.A., (Ed.), Clinics in Oncology. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1982, vol. 1, p. 77.
Harris A.L., Dowsett M., Jeffcoate S.L., McKinna J.A., Morgan M., Smith I.E. Endocrine and therapeutic effects of aminoglutethimide in premenopausal patients with breast cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 718, 1982.
Santen R.J., Samojlik E., Wells S. Resistance of the ovary to blockade of aromatization with aminoglutethimide. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 473, 1980.
Santen R.J., Worgul T.J., Samojlik E., Interrante A., Boucher A.E., Lipton A., Harvey H.A., White D.S., Smart E., Cox C., Wells S.A. A randomized trial comparing surgical adrenalectomy with aminoglutethimide plus hydrocortisone in women with advanced breast cancer. New. Engl. J. Med. 305: 545, 1981.
Harvey H.A., Santen R.J., Osterman J., Samojlik E., White D.S., Lipton A. A comparative trial of transphenoidal hypophysectomy and estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer. Cancer 43: 2207, 1979.
Rose C., Kamby C., Mouridsen H.T., Bastholt L., Brincker H., Skovgaard-Poulsen H., Andersen A.P., Loft H., Dombernowsky P., Andersen K.W. Combined endocrine treatment of post-menopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 7: 45, 1986.
Powles T.J., Gordon C., Coombes R.C. Clinical trial of multiple endocrine therapy for metastatic and locally advanced breast cancer with tamoxifen-aminoglutethimidedanazol compared to tamoxifen alone. Cancer Res. 42: 3468S, 1982.
Santen R.J., Badder E., Lerman S., Harvey H., Lipton A., Boucher A.E., Manni A., Rosen H., Wells S.A. Pharmacologic suppression of estrogens with aminoglutethimide as treatment of advanced breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2: 375, 1982.
Coombes R.C., Powles T.J., Easton D., Chilvers C., Ford H.T., Smith I.E., McKinna A., White H., Bradbeer J., Yarnold J., Nash A., Bettelheim R., Dowsett M., Gazet J.-C. Adjuvant aminoglutethimide therapy for postmenopausal patients with primary breast cancer. Cancer Res. 47: 2494, 1987.
Murray F.T., Santner S., Samojlik E., Santen R.J. Serum aminoglutethimide levels: Studies of serum half-life, clearance and patient compliance. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19: 704, 1979.
Santen R.J., Misbin R.I. Aminoglutethimide: Review of pharmacology and clinical use. Pharmacotherapy 1: 95, 1981.
Santen R.J., Lipton A., Harvey H., Boucher A., Henderson C. Pharmacological mechanisms of oestrogen suppresion with aminoglutethimide in women with breast cancer. In: Nagel G.A., Santen R.J., (Eds.), Aminoglutethimide as an Aromatase Inhibitor in the Treatment of Cancer. Hans Huber Publishers, Vienna, 1984, p. 38.
Harris A.L., Dowsett M., Smith I.E., Jeffcoate S.L. Endocrine effects of low dose aminoglutethimide alone in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 47: 621, 1983.
Stuart-Harris R., Dowsett M., Bozek T., McKinna J.A., Gazet J.C., Jeffcoate S.L., Kurkure A., Carr L., Smith I.E. Low-dose aminoglutethimide in treatment of advanced breast cancer. Lancet ii: 604, 1984.
Stuart-Harris R., Dowsett M., D’Souza A., Donaldson A., Harris A.L., Jeffcoate S.L., Smith I.E. Endocrine effects of low dose aminoglutethimide as an aromatase inhibitor in the treatment of breast cancer. Clin. Endocrinol. 22: 219, 1985.
Bonneterre J., Cappalacre R., Mauriac A., Chauvergne J., Sevin O., Rousse J., Metz R., Armand J.P., Fargeot P., Tubiana M., Clavel R., Mathieu F., Gary-Bobo J., Coppens H. Low-dose aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer — preliminary report of a multicentre comparative trial. In: Nagel G.A., Santen R.J., (Eds.), Aminoglutethimide as an Aromatase Inhibitor inthe Treatment of Cancer. Hans Huber Publishers, Vienna, 1984, p. 104.
Murray R., Pitt P. Low-dose aminoglutethimide without steroid replacement in the treatment of posmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 21: 19, 1985.
Goss P.E., Powles T.J., Dowsett M., Hutchison G., Brodie A.M., Gazed J.C., Coombes R.C. Treatment of advanced postmenopausal breast cancer with an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione: Phase II report. Cancer Res. 46: 4823, 1986.
Brodie A.M.H., Marsh D.A., Brodie H.J. Aromatase inhibitors. IV. Regression of hormone dependent mammary tumors in the rat with 4-acetoxyandrostene-3, 17-dione. J. Steroid Biochem. 10: 423, 1979.
Dowsett M., Goss P.E., Powles T.J., Hutchinson G., Brodie A.M.H., Jeffcoate S.L., Coombes R.C. Use of the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in postmenopausal breast cancer: Optimization of therapeutic dose and route. Cancer Res. 47: 1957, 1987.
Santen R.J., Demers L.M., Harvey H., Santner S., Sanders S., Lipton A. Inhibition of aromatase with CGS 16949A in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 68: 99, 1988.
Schieweck K., Bhatnagar A.S., Matter A. CGS 16949A, a new nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor: Effects on hormone-dependent and independent tumors in vivo. Cancer Res. 48: 834, 1988.
Pannuti F., Martoni A., Lenaz G.R., Piana E., Nanni P. A possible new approach to the treatment of meta-static breast cancer: Massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Cancer Treat. Rets. 62: 499, 1978.
Cavalli F., Goldhirsch A., Sungi F. Randomized trial of low versus high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in the induction treatment of postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. J. Cin. Oncol. 2: 414, 1984.
Carpenter J.T., Peterson L. Use of megestrol acetate in advanced breast cancer on a single dailydose schedule. Semin. Oncol. 12: 40, 1985.
Aisner J., Tchekmedyian N.S., Moody M., Tait N. High-dose megestrol acetate for the treatment of advanced breast cancer: Dose and toxicities. Sem. Hematol. 24: 48, 1987.
Tchekmedyian N.S., Tait N., Moody M., Aisner J. High-dose megestrol acetate. A possible treatment for cachexia. JAMA 6: 1195, 1987.
Sulkes A., Livingston R.B., Murphy W.K. Tritiated thymidine labeling index and response in human breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62: 513, 1979.
Conte P.F., Fraschini G., Alama A., Nicolin A., Corsaro E., Canavese G., Rosso R., Drewinko B. Chemotherapy following estrogen-induced expansion of the growth fraction of human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 45: 5926, 1985.
Dao T.L., Sinha D.K., Nemoto T., Patel J. Effect of estrogen and progesterone on cellular replication of human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 42: 359, 1982.
Bowman D. A phase II evaluation of sequential tamoxifen, premarin, methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in refractory stage IV breast cancer. ASCO Proceedings, 1983, p. 106 (Abstract c-413).
Lipton A. Santen R.J., Harvey H.A., Manni A., Simmonds M.A., White-Hershey D.S., Bartholomew M.S., Walker B.K., Dixon R.H., Valdevia D.E., Gordon R.A. A randomized trial of aminoglutethimide ± estrogen prior to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Am. J. CIin. Oncol. 10: 65, 1987.
Lippman M.E., Cassidy J., Wesley M., Young R.C. A randomized attempt to increase the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer by hormonal synchronization. J. Clin. Oncol. 2: 28, 1984.
Allegra J.C. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil following tamoxifen and premarin in advanced breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. 10: 23, 1983.
Conte P.F., Rubagotti A., Pronzato P., Alam A., Amadori D., Canauese G., Camino F., Catturich A., Gaca M.G., DeMichel R.D., DiMarco E., Gardin G., Gentilini P., Jacomuzzi A., Lionetto R., Monzeglio C., Mossetti C., Nicolin A., Rosso R., Sismondi P., Sussio M. Cytokinetic studies and treatment results of estrogens followed by chemotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic human breast cancer. In: Klijn J.G.M., Paridaens R., Foekens J.A., (Eds.), Hormonal Manipulation of Cancer: Peptides, Growth Factor, and New (Anti) Steroidal Agents. Raven Press, New York, 1987, p. 487.
Swain S.M., Sorace R.A., Bagley C.S., Danforth D.N., Bader J., Wesley M.N., Steinberg S.M., Lippman M.E. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the combined modality approach of locally advanced nonmetastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. 47: 3893, 1987.
Barkan A.L., Kelch R.P., Hopwood N.J., Beitins I.Z. Treatment of acromegaly with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201–995. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 16, 1988.
Lamberts S.W.J., Uitterlinden P., Del Pozo E. SMS 201–995 induces a continuous decline in circulating growth hormone and somatomedin-C levels during therapy of acromegalic patients for over two years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65: 703, 1987.
Chiodini P.G., Cozzi R., Dallabonzana D., Oppizzi G., Verde G., Petroncini M., Liuzzi A., Del Pozo E. Medical treatment of acromegaly with SMS-201-995, a somatostatin analog: A comparison with bromocriptine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 447, 1987.
Geelhoed G.W., Bass B.L., Mertz S.L., Becker K.L. Somatostatin analog: Effects on hypergastrinemia and hypercalcitonemia. Surgery 6: 962, 1986.
Santangelo W.C., O’Dorisio T.M., Kim J.G., Severino G., Krejs G.J. Pancreatic cholera syndrome: Effect of a synthetic somatostatin analog on intestinal water and ion transport. Ann. Intern. Med. 103: 363, 1985.
Altimari A.F., Bhoopalam N., O’Dorisio T., Lange C.L., Sandberg L., Prinz R.A. Use of a somatostatin analog (SMS 201–995) in the glucagonoma syndrome. Surgery 6: 989, 1986.
Boden G., Ryan I.G., Eisenschmid B.L., Shelmet J.J., Owen O.E. Treatment of inoperable glucagonoma with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1686, 1986.
Setyono-Han B., Henkelman M.S., Foekens J.A., Klijn J.G.M. Direct inhibitory effects of somatostatin (analogues) on the growth of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 47: 1566, 1987.
Schally A.V., Redding T.W. Somatostatin analogs as adjuncts to agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the treatment of experimental prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7275, 1987.
Mascardo R.N., Sherline P. Somatostatin inhibits rapid intrasomal separation and cell proliferation induced by epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 111: 1394, 1982.
Hierowski M.T., Leibow C., Sapin K., Schally A.V. Stimulation by somatostatin of dephosphorylation of membrane proteins in pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa2 cell line. FEBS Lett. 179: 252, 1985.
Manni A., Boucher A., Demers L., Harvey H., Lipton A., Simmonds M. Combined somatostatin analog and bromocriptine therapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Program of the 70th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, New Orleans, LA, June 8–11, 1988, p. 352 (Abstract 1328).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work is supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute, PO1 CA40011.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manni, A. Endocrine therapy of metastatic breast cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 12, 357–372 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350007
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350007