Skip to main content
Log in

Endocrine therapy of metastatic breast cancer

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Beatson G.T. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: Suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Lancet ii: 104, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kennedy B.J. Hormone therapy in cancer. Geriatrics 25: 106, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Manni A., Trujillo J.E., Marshall J.S., Rodkey B., Pearson O.H. Antihormone treatment of stage IV breast cancer. Cancer 43: 444, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Santen R.J., Wells S.A. The use of aminoglutethimide in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 46: 1066, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jensen E.V., Block G.E., Smith S., Kyser K., DeSombre E.R. Estrogen receptors and breast cancer response to adrenalectomy. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 34: 55, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. McGuire W.L. Steroid receptors and clinical breast cancer. In: Bresciani F., (Ed.), Perspectives in Steroid Receptor Research. Raven Press, New York, 1980, p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lippman M.E., Allegra J.C. Quantitative estrogen receptor analysis: The response to endocrine and cytotoxic chemotherapy in human breast cancer and disease-free interval. Cancer 46: 2829, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. DeSombre E.R., Thorpe S.M., Rose C., Blough R.R., Anderson K.W., Rasmussen B.B., King W.J. Prognostic usefulness of estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assays for human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 46: 4256S, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Horwitz K., McGuire W.L. Estrogen control of progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor in human breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 2223, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. McGuire W.L., Horwitz K.B. Progesterone receptor in breast cancer. In: McGuire W.L., (Ed.), Hormones, Receptors, and Breast Cancer. Raven Press, New York, 1978, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bloom N., Tobin E., Degenshein G.A. Clinical correlations of endocrine ablation with estrogen and progesterone receptors in advanced breast cancer. In: McGuire W.L., Raynaud J.-P., Baulieu E., (Eds.), Progesterone Receptors in Normal and Neoplastic Tissue. Raven Press, New York, 1977, vol. 4, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Arafah B.M., Manni A., Pearson O.H. Effect of hypophysectomy and hormone replacement on hormone receptor levels and the growth of 7, 12-dimethylbenza(a)-anthracene-induced mammary tumor in the rat. Endocrinology 107: 1364, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ip M., Milholland R.J., Rosen F., Kim U. Mammary cancer: Selective action of the estrogen receptor complex. Science 203: 361, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fisher B., Redmond C., Brown A., Wickerman D.L., Wolmark N., Allegra J., Escher G., Lippman M., Savlov E., Wittliff J. Influence of tumor estrogen and progesterone receptor levels on the response to tamoxifen and chemotherapy in primary breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1: 227, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pearson O.H., Hubay C.A., Marshall J.S., Gordon N.H., McGuire W.L., Mansour E.G., Hermann R.E., Jones J.C., Flynn W.J., Eckert C. Adjuvant endocrine therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in stage II breast cancer: Five year survival. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 3 (Suppl.): 61, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Novaldex Adjuvant Trial Organization. Controlled trial of tamoxifen as a single adjuvant agent in the management of early breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 57: 608, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Knight W.A., Livingston R.B., Gregory E.J. Estrogen receptor as an independent prognostic factor for early recurrence in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 37: 4669, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Samaan N., Buzdar A.U., Aldinger K.A. Estrogen receptor. A prognostic factor in breast cancer. Cancer 47: 554, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Saez S., Chouvet C., Mayer M., Cheix F. Estradiol and progesterone receptors as prognostic factors in human primary breast tumors. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 21: 139, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pichon M.-F., Pallud C., Brunet M., Milgrom E. Relationship of presence of progesterone receptors to prognosis early in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 40: 3357, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bertuzzi A., Vezzoni P., Ronchi E. Prognostic importance of progesterone receptors alone or in combination with estrogen receptors in node negative breast carcinoma. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 22: 447, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Clark G.M., McGuire W.L., Hubay C.A. Progesterone receptor as a prognostic factor in stage II breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 1343, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bates S.E., Davidson N.E., Valverius E.M., Freter C.E., Dickson R.B., Tam J.P., Kudlow J.E., Lippman M.E., Salomon D.S. Expression of transforming growth factor α and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human breast cancer: Its regulation by estrogen and its possible functional significance. Molec. Endocrinol. 2: 543, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dickson R.B., McManaway M.E., Lippman M.E. Estrogen-induced factors of breast cancer cells partially replace estrogen to promote tumor growth. Science 232: 1540, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sainsbury J.R.S., Farndon J.R., Needham G.K., Malcolm A.J., Harris A.L. Epidermal-growth-factor receptor status as predictor of early recurrence and death from breast cancer. Lancet i: 1398, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wrba F., Reiner A., Ritzinger E., Holzner J.H., Reiner G. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on breast carcinomas in relation to growth fractions, estrogen receptor status and morphological criteria. Pat. Res. Pract. 183: 25, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pekonon F., Partanen S., Makinen T., Rutanen E.M. Receptors for epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I and their relation to steroid receptors in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 48: 1343, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pearson O.H., Manni A. Endocrine ablative procedures for breast cancer. In: Bulbrook R.D., Taylor D.J., (Eds.), Comments on Research in Breast Cancer. Alan R. Liss Inc., New York, 1979, p. 164.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Manni A., Santen R., Harvey H., Lipton A., Max D. Treatment of breast cancer with gonadotropin releasing hormone. Endocrine Rev. 7: 89, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pearson O.H., Ray B.S. A comparison of the results of adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in carcinoma of the breast. In: Raven R.W., (Ed.), Cancer (Hormone Therapy). Butterworth. London, 1959, vol. 6, p. 335.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pearson O.H., Ray B.S. Hypophysectomy in the treatment of metastatic mammary cancer. Am. J. Surg. 99: 544, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Manni A., Arafah B.M., Pearson O.H. Medical hypophysectomy in advanced breast cancer. In: Rose D.P., (Ed.), Endocrinology of Cancer. CRF Press, Boca Raton, 1982, vol. 3, p. 175.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pearson O.H., Molina A., Butler T., Llerena T., Nasr H. Estrogen Target Tissue and Neoplasia. In: Dao T.L. (Ed.), Estrogen and Prolactin in mammary cancer, in Estrogen target tissue and neoplasia. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1972, p. 287.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Pearson O.H., West C.D., Treves N. The role of ovarian function in the growth of mammary carcinoma in man. J. Clin. Invest. 32: 594, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Teller M.N., Stock C.C., Bowie M. Effects of 17α-thioestradiol, 2 estradiol analogs, and 2 androgens on 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 26: 2329, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kennedy B.J., Nathanson I.T. Effects of intensive sex steroid hormone therapy in advanced breast cancer. JAMA 154: 234, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ingle J.N., Ahmann D.L., Green S.L., Edmonson J.H., Bisel H.F., Kvols L.K., Nichols W.C., Creagan E.T., Hahn R.G., Rubin J., Frytak S. Randomized clinical trial of diethylstilbestrol versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 304: 16, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Beex L., Pieters G., Smals A., Koenders A., Benraad T., Kloppenborg P. Tamoxifen versus ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep. 65: 179, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Haller D.G., Glick J.H. Progestational agents in advanced breast cancer: An overview. Sem. Oncol. 13: 2, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Council on Drugs. Androgens and estrogens in the treatment of disseminated mammary carcinoma. J.A.M.A. 172: 1271, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Klijn J.G., de Jong F.H., Lamberts S.W., Blankenstein M.A. LHRH-agonist treatment in clinical and experimental human breast cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. 23 (58): 867, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nicholson R.I., Walker K.J., Turkes A., Dyas J., Gotting K.E., Plowman P.N., Williams M., Elston C.W., Blamey R.V. The British experience with the LH-RH agonist zoladex (ICI 118630) in the treatment of breast cancer. In: Klijn J.G.M., Paridaens R., Foekens J.A., (Eds.), Hormonal Manipulation of Cancer: Peptides, Growth Factors, and New (Anti) Steroid Agents. Raven Press, New York, 1987, p. 331.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Miller W.R., Scott W.N., Morris R., Fraser H.M., Sharpe R.M. Growth of human breast cancer cells inhibited by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Nature 313: 231, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Harvey H.A., Lipton A., Santen R.J., Escher G.C., Hardy M.A., Glode L.M., Segaloff A., Landau R.L., Scheir H., Max D.T. Phase II study of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (Leuprolide) in postmenopausal advanced breast cancer patients. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res./Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 22: 444, 1981 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mathe G., Keiling R., Vovan M.L., Gastiaburu J., Pre’vot G., Vannetzel J.M., Despax R., Jasmin C., Levi F., Musset M., Machover D., Misset J.L. Phase II trial of D-Trp-6.-LH-RH in advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 22: 723, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Plowman P.N., Nicholson R.I., Walker K.J. Remission of metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (ICI 118630) therapy. Eur. J. Cancer 22: 746, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Waxman J.H., Harland S.J., Coombes R.C., Wrigley P.F., Malpas J.S., Powles T. Lister T.A. The treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer with buserelin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 15: 171, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Coezy E., Borgna J.-L., Rochefort H. Tamoxifen and metabolities in MCF-7 cells: Correlation between binding to estrogen receptor and inhibition of cell growth. Cancer Res. 42: 317, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Eckert R.L., Katzenellenbogen B.S. Physical properties of estrogen receptor complexes in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: Differences with antiestrogen and estrogen. J. Biol.Chem. 257: 8840, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Eckert R.L., Katzenellenbogen B.S. Effects of estrogen and antiestrogens on estrogen receptor dynamics and the induction of progesterone receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 42: 139, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bardon S., Vignon F., Derocq D., Rochefort H. The antiproliferative effect of tamoxifen in breast cancer cells: mediation by the estrogen receptor. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 35: 89, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ben-Baruch G., Schrieber G., Sokolovsky M. Cooperativity pattern in the interaction of the anti-oestrogen drug clomiphene the muscarinic receptors. Molec. Pharmacol. 21: 287, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hiemke C., Graf R. Interactions of non-steroidal antiestrogens with dopamine-receptor binding. J. Steroid Biochem. 21: 663, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Brandes J.L., MacDonald L.M., Bogdanovic R.P. Evidence that the antiestrogen binding sites is a histamine or histamine-like receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 126: 905, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Greenburg D.A., Carpenter C.L., Messing R.O. Calcium channel antagonist properties of the anti-neoplastic antiestrogen tamoxifen in the PC-12 neurosecretory cell line. Cancer Res. 47: 70, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lam H.-Y.P. Tamoxifen is a calmodulin antagonist in the activation of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 118: 27, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Su H.D., Mazzei G.J., Vogler W.R., Kuo J.F. Effect of tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, on phospholipid/calcium-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate proteins from the rat brain and ovary. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34: 3649, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sutherland R.L., Murphy L.C., Foo M.S., Green M.D., Whybourne A.M., Krozowski Z.S. High-affinity antiestrogen binding sites distinct from the oestrogen receptor. Nature, 288: 273, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cole M.P., Jones C.T.A., Todd I.D.H. A new antioestrogenic agent in late breast cancer. An early clinical appraisal of ICI 46474. Br. J. Cancer 25: 270, 1971.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Furr B.J., Patterson J.S., Richardson D.N., Furr B.J., Patterson J.S., Richardson D.N., Slater S.R., Wakeling A.E. Tamoxifen. In: American Pharmaceutical Association. Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Washington, DC: 1979, p. 355.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Manni A., Arafah B.M. Tamoxifen-induced remission in breast cancer by escalating the dose to 40 mg daily after progression on 20 mg daily: A case report and review of the literature. Cancer 48: 873, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Stewart J.F., Minton M.J., Rubens R.D. Trial of tamoxifen at a dose of 40 mg daily after disease progression during tamoxifen therapy at a dose of 20 mg daily. Cancer Treat. Rep. 66: 1445, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Boccardo F., Brazzi P., Rubagotti A. Nicol G.U., Rosso R. Oestrogen-like action of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium in breast cancer patients. Rev. Endocrine Rel. Cancer 9 (Suppl.): 242, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Jordan V.C., Fritz N.F., Tormey D.C. Long-term adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen: Effects on sex hormone binding globulin and antithrombin III. Cancer Res. 47: 4517, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Von Kaulla E., Droegemueller W., Abol N. Antithrombin III depression and thrombin acceleration in women taking oral contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109: 868, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lipton A., Harvey H.A., Hamilton R.W. Venous thrombosis as a side effect of tamoxifen treatment. Cancer Treat. Rep. 68: 887, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lindsay R., Hart D.M., Forrest C., Baird C. Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomized women. Lancet ii: 1151, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Jordan V.C., Phelps E., Lindgren J.U. Effects of anti-estrogen on bone in castrated and intact female rats. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 10: 31, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Legha S.S., Buzdar A.U., Hortobagyi G.N., Wiseman C., Benjamin R.S., Blumenschein G.R. Tamoxifen. Use in treatment of metastatic breast cancer refractory to combination chemotherapy. JAMA 242: 49, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Westberg H. Tamoxifen and gluoxymesterone in advanced breast cancer: A controlled clinical trial. Cancer Treat. Rep. 64: 117, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Mattson W. A phase III trial of treatment with tamoxifen versus treatment with high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer. In: Iacobelli S., DiMarco A., (Eds.), Role of Medroxyprogesterone in Endocrine-related Tumors. Progress in Cancer Research and Treatment. Raven Press, New York, 1980, vol. 15, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Pannuti F., Martoni A., Fruet F., Burroni P., Canova N., Hall S. Oral high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. In: Iacobelli S., Lippman M.E., Robustelli Della Cuna G., (Eds.), The Role of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer. Raven Press, New York, 1982, p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Muss H.B., Wells H.B., Paschold E.H., Black W.R., Cooper M.R., Capizzi R.L., Christian R., Cruz J.M., Jackson D.V., Powell B.L., Richards II F., White D.R., Zekan P.J., Spurr C.L., Pope E., Case D., Morgan T.M. Megestrol Acetate Versus Tamoxifen in Advanced Breast Cancer: 5-Year Analysis-A Phase III Trial of the Piedmont Oncology Association. J. Clin. Oncol. 6: 1098, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Smith I.E., Harris A.L., Morgan M., Ford H.T., Gazet J.-C., Harmer C.L., White H., Parsons C.A., Villardo A., Walsh G., McKinna J.A. Tamoxifen versus aminoglutethimide in advanced breast carcinoma: A randomized cross-over trial. Br. Med. J. 283: 1432, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lipton A., Harvey H.A., Santen R.J., Boucher A., White D., Bemath A., Dixon R., Richards G., Shafik A. Randomized trial of aminoglutethimide versus tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. 42 (Suppl.): 3434s, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mouridsen H.T., Salimtschik M., Dombernowsky P., Gelshoj K., Palshof T., Rorth M., Daehnfeld J.L., Rose C. Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen versus combined tamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. In: Mouridsen H.T., Palshof T., (Eds.), Breast Cancer: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. Pergamon Press. Oxford, 1980, p. 107.

  77. Tormey D.C., Lippman M.E., Edwards B.K. Evaluation of tamoxifen doses with and without fluoxymesterone in advanced breast cancer. Ann. Intern. Med. 98: 139, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mouridsen H.T., Ellemann K., Mattsson W., Palshof T., Daehnfeldt J.L., Rose C. Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen versus tamoxifen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Treat. Rep. 63: 171, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Forastiere A.A., Braun T.J., Wittes R.E., Hakes T.B., Kaufman R.J. Sequential vs. simultaneous tamoxifen (T) and megace (megesterol acetate) (M) in advanced breast cancer. In: Twelfth International Congress of Chemotherapy. Florence, Italy, July 1981, p. 101.

  80. Smith I.E., Harris A.L., Morgan M., Gazet J.-C., McKinna J.A. Tamoxifen versus aminoglutethimide versus combined tamoxifen and aminoglutethimide in the treatment of advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 42 (Suppl.): 3430s, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ingle J.N., Green S.J., Ahmann D.L., Edmonson J.H., Nichols W.C., Frytak S., Rubin J. Progress report ot two clinical trials in women with advanced breast cancer. Trial I: Tamoxifen versus tamoxifen plus aminoglutethimide; trial II: Aminoglutethimide in patients with tamoxifen exposure. Cancer Res. 42 (Suppl.): 3461s, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kardinal C.G., Perry M.C., Weinberg V. Chemoendocrine therapy vs. chemotherapy alone for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Preliminary report of a randomized study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 3: 365, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cocconi G., De Lisi V., Boni C. Chemotherapy versus combination of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. Cancer 51: 581, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Manni A., Pearson O.H. Antiestrogen-induced remissions in premenopausal women with stage IV breast cancer. Effects on ovarian function. Cancer Treat. Rep. 64: 779, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hoogstraten B., Fletcher W.S., Gad-el-Mawla N., Maloney T., Altman S.J., Vaughn C.B., Foulkes M.A. Tamoxifen and oophorectomy in the treatment of recurrent breast cancer. Cancer Res. 42: 4788, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Pritchard K.I., Thomson D.B., Myers R.E., Sutherland D.J.A., Mobbs B.G., Meakin J.W. Tamoxifen therapy in premenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep 64: 779, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fisher B., Brown A., Wolmark N., Redmond C., Wickerman D.L., Wittliff J., Dimitrov N., Legault-Poisson S., Schipper H., Prager D. Prolonging tamoxifen therapy for primary breast cancer. Findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project clinical trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 106: 649, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Longcope C., Pratt J.H., Schneider S.H., Fineberg S.E. Aromatization of androgens by muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46: 146, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Smuk M., Schivers J. Aromatization of androstenedione by human adult liver in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 1009, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Berkowitz G.D., Fujimoto M., Brown T., Brodie A.M., Migeon C.J. Aromatase activity in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59: 665, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Abdul-Hajj Y.J., Overson R., Kian D.T. Aromatization of androgens by human breast cancer. Steroids 33: 205, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Santen R.J. Aromatase inhibition for treatment of breast cancer: Current concepts and new perspectives. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 7 (Suppl.): 23, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Cohen M.P., Foa P.P. Aminoglutethimide inhibition of adrenal desmolase activity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127: 1086, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dexter R.N., Fishman L.M., Ney R.L., Liddle G.W. Inhibition of adrenal corticosteroid synthesis by aminoglutethimide: Studies of the mechanism of action. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27: 473, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Santen R.J., Brodie A.M.H. Suppression of oestrogen production as treatment of breast carcinoma: Pharmacological and clinical studies with aromatase inhibitors. In: Furr B.J.A., (Ed.), Clinics in Oncology. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1982, vol. 1, p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Harris A.L., Dowsett M., Jeffcoate S.L., McKinna J.A., Morgan M., Smith I.E. Endocrine and therapeutic effects of aminoglutethimide in premenopausal patients with breast cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 718, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Santen R.J., Samojlik E., Wells S. Resistance of the ovary to blockade of aromatization with aminoglutethimide. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 473, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Santen R.J., Worgul T.J., Samojlik E., Interrante A., Boucher A.E., Lipton A., Harvey H.A., White D.S., Smart E., Cox C., Wells S.A. A randomized trial comparing surgical adrenalectomy with aminoglutethimide plus hydrocortisone in women with advanced breast cancer. New. Engl. J. Med. 305: 545, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Harvey H.A., Santen R.J., Osterman J., Samojlik E., White D.S., Lipton A. A comparative trial of transphenoidal hypophysectomy and estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer. Cancer 43: 2207, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rose C., Kamby C., Mouridsen H.T., Bastholt L., Brincker H., Skovgaard-Poulsen H., Andersen A.P., Loft H., Dombernowsky P., Andersen K.W. Combined endocrine treatment of post-menopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 7: 45, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Powles T.J., Gordon C., Coombes R.C. Clinical trial of multiple endocrine therapy for metastatic and locally advanced breast cancer with tamoxifen-aminoglutethimidedanazol compared to tamoxifen alone. Cancer Res. 42: 3468S, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Santen R.J., Badder E., Lerman S., Harvey H., Lipton A., Boucher A.E., Manni A., Rosen H., Wells S.A. Pharmacologic suppression of estrogens with aminoglutethimide as treatment of advanced breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2: 375, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Coombes R.C., Powles T.J., Easton D., Chilvers C., Ford H.T., Smith I.E., McKinna A., White H., Bradbeer J., Yarnold J., Nash A., Bettelheim R., Dowsett M., Gazet J.-C. Adjuvant aminoglutethimide therapy for postmenopausal patients with primary breast cancer. Cancer Res. 47: 2494, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Murray F.T., Santner S., Samojlik E., Santen R.J. Serum aminoglutethimide levels: Studies of serum half-life, clearance and patient compliance. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19: 704, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Santen R.J., Misbin R.I. Aminoglutethimide: Review of pharmacology and clinical use. Pharmacotherapy 1: 95, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Santen R.J., Lipton A., Harvey H., Boucher A., Henderson C. Pharmacological mechanisms of oestrogen suppresion with aminoglutethimide in women with breast cancer. In: Nagel G.A., Santen R.J., (Eds.), Aminoglutethimide as an Aromatase Inhibitor in the Treatment of Cancer. Hans Huber Publishers, Vienna, 1984, p. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Harris A.L., Dowsett M., Smith I.E., Jeffcoate S.L. Endocrine effects of low dose aminoglutethimide alone in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 47: 621, 1983.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Stuart-Harris R., Dowsett M., Bozek T., McKinna J.A., Gazet J.C., Jeffcoate S.L., Kurkure A., Carr L., Smith I.E. Low-dose aminoglutethimide in treatment of advanced breast cancer. Lancet ii: 604, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Stuart-Harris R., Dowsett M., D’Souza A., Donaldson A., Harris A.L., Jeffcoate S.L., Smith I.E. Endocrine effects of low dose aminoglutethimide as an aromatase inhibitor in the treatment of breast cancer. Clin. Endocrinol. 22: 219, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Bonneterre J., Cappalacre R., Mauriac A., Chauvergne J., Sevin O., Rousse J., Metz R., Armand J.P., Fargeot P., Tubiana M., Clavel R., Mathieu F., Gary-Bobo J., Coppens H. Low-dose aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer — preliminary report of a multicentre comparative trial. In: Nagel G.A., Santen R.J., (Eds.), Aminoglutethimide as an Aromatase Inhibitor inthe Treatment of Cancer. Hans Huber Publishers, Vienna, 1984, p. 104.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Murray R., Pitt P. Low-dose aminoglutethimide without steroid replacement in the treatment of posmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 21: 19, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Goss P.E., Powles T.J., Dowsett M., Hutchison G., Brodie A.M., Gazed J.C., Coombes R.C. Treatment of advanced postmenopausal breast cancer with an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione: Phase II report. Cancer Res. 46: 4823, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Brodie A.M.H., Marsh D.A., Brodie H.J. Aromatase inhibitors. IV. Regression of hormone dependent mammary tumors in the rat with 4-acetoxyandrostene-3, 17-dione. J. Steroid Biochem. 10: 423, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Dowsett M., Goss P.E., Powles T.J., Hutchinson G., Brodie A.M.H., Jeffcoate S.L., Coombes R.C. Use of the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in postmenopausal breast cancer: Optimization of therapeutic dose and route. Cancer Res. 47: 1957, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Santen R.J., Demers L.M., Harvey H., Santner S., Sanders S., Lipton A. Inhibition of aromatase with CGS 16949A in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 68: 99, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Schieweck K., Bhatnagar A.S., Matter A. CGS 16949A, a new nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor: Effects on hormone-dependent and independent tumors in vivo. Cancer Res. 48: 834, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pannuti F., Martoni A., Lenaz G.R., Piana E., Nanni P. A possible new approach to the treatment of meta-static breast cancer: Massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Cancer Treat. Rets. 62: 499, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Cavalli F., Goldhirsch A., Sungi F. Randomized trial of low versus high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in the induction treatment of postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. J. Cin. Oncol. 2: 414, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Carpenter J.T., Peterson L. Use of megestrol acetate in advanced breast cancer on a single dailydose schedule. Semin. Oncol. 12: 40, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Aisner J., Tchekmedyian N.S., Moody M., Tait N. High-dose megestrol acetate for the treatment of advanced breast cancer: Dose and toxicities. Sem. Hematol. 24: 48, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Tchekmedyian N.S., Tait N., Moody M., Aisner J. High-dose megestrol acetate. A possible treatment for cachexia. JAMA 6: 1195, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sulkes A., Livingston R.B., Murphy W.K. Tritiated thymidine labeling index and response in human breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62: 513, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Conte P.F., Fraschini G., Alama A., Nicolin A., Corsaro E., Canavese G., Rosso R., Drewinko B. Chemotherapy following estrogen-induced expansion of the growth fraction of human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 45: 5926, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Dao T.L., Sinha D.K., Nemoto T., Patel J. Effect of estrogen and progesterone on cellular replication of human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 42: 359, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Bowman D. A phase II evaluation of sequential tamoxifen, premarin, methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in refractory stage IV breast cancer. ASCO Proceedings, 1983, p. 106 (Abstract c-413).

  126. Lipton A. Santen R.J., Harvey H.A., Manni A., Simmonds M.A., White-Hershey D.S., Bartholomew M.S., Walker B.K., Dixon R.H., Valdevia D.E., Gordon R.A. A randomized trial of aminoglutethimide ± estrogen prior to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Am. J. CIin. Oncol. 10: 65, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Lippman M.E., Cassidy J., Wesley M., Young R.C. A randomized attempt to increase the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer by hormonal synchronization. J. Clin. Oncol. 2: 28, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Allegra J.C. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil following tamoxifen and premarin in advanced breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. 10: 23, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Conte P.F., Rubagotti A., Pronzato P., Alam A., Amadori D., Canauese G., Camino F., Catturich A., Gaca M.G., DeMichel R.D., DiMarco E., Gardin G., Gentilini P., Jacomuzzi A., Lionetto R., Monzeglio C., Mossetti C., Nicolin A., Rosso R., Sismondi P., Sussio M. Cytokinetic studies and treatment results of estrogens followed by chemotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic human breast cancer. In: Klijn J.G.M., Paridaens R., Foekens J.A., (Eds.), Hormonal Manipulation of Cancer: Peptides, Growth Factor, and New (Anti) Steroidal Agents. Raven Press, New York, 1987, p. 487.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Swain S.M., Sorace R.A., Bagley C.S., Danforth D.N., Bader J., Wesley M.N., Steinberg S.M., Lippman M.E. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the combined modality approach of locally advanced nonmetastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. 47: 3893, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Barkan A.L., Kelch R.P., Hopwood N.J., Beitins I.Z. Treatment of acromegaly with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201–995. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 16, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lamberts S.W.J., Uitterlinden P., Del Pozo E. SMS 201–995 induces a continuous decline in circulating growth hormone and somatomedin-C levels during therapy of acromegalic patients for over two years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65: 703, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Chiodini P.G., Cozzi R., Dallabonzana D., Oppizzi G., Verde G., Petroncini M., Liuzzi A., Del Pozo E. Medical treatment of acromegaly with SMS-201-995, a somatostatin analog: A comparison with bromocriptine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 447, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Geelhoed G.W., Bass B.L., Mertz S.L., Becker K.L. Somatostatin analog: Effects on hypergastrinemia and hypercalcitonemia. Surgery 6: 962, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Santangelo W.C., O’Dorisio T.M., Kim J.G., Severino G., Krejs G.J. Pancreatic cholera syndrome: Effect of a synthetic somatostatin analog on intestinal water and ion transport. Ann. Intern. Med. 103: 363, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Altimari A.F., Bhoopalam N., O’Dorisio T., Lange C.L., Sandberg L., Prinz R.A. Use of a somatostatin analog (SMS 201–995) in the glucagonoma syndrome. Surgery 6: 989, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Boden G., Ryan I.G., Eisenschmid B.L., Shelmet J.J., Owen O.E. Treatment of inoperable glucagonoma with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1686, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Setyono-Han B., Henkelman M.S., Foekens J.A., Klijn J.G.M. Direct inhibitory effects of somatostatin (analogues) on the growth of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 47: 1566, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Schally A.V., Redding T.W. Somatostatin analogs as adjuncts to agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the treatment of experimental prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7275, 1987.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Mascardo R.N., Sherline P. Somatostatin inhibits rapid intrasomal separation and cell proliferation induced by epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 111: 1394, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Hierowski M.T., Leibow C., Sapin K., Schally A.V. Stimulation by somatostatin of dephosphorylation of membrane proteins in pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa2 cell line. FEBS Lett. 179: 252, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Manni A., Boucher A., Demers L., Harvey H., Lipton A., Simmonds M. Combined somatostatin analog and bromocriptine therapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Program of the 70th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, New Orleans, LA, June 8–11, 1988, p. 352 (Abstract 1328).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This work is supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute, PO1 CA40011.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Manni, A. Endocrine therapy of metastatic breast cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 12, 357–372 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350007

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350007

Key-words

Navigation