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Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer

Improving Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Disease Stratification

  • Cancer
  • Published:
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Abstract

Gene expression patterns change during the initiation, progression, and development of cancer, as a result of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic changes arise due to irreversible changes in the nucleotide sequence, whereas epigenetic changes occur due to changes in chromatin conformation, histone acetylation, and methylation of the CpG islands located primarily in the promoter region of a gene. Both genetic and epigenetic markers can potentially be utilized to identify different stages of tumor development. Several such markers exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for different tumor types and can be assayed in biofluids and other specimens collected by noninvasive technologies. In spite of the availability of large numbers of diagnostic markers, only a few have been clinically validated so far. The current status and the challenges in the field of genetic and epigenetic markers in cancer diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We are very thankful to Keith Richardson of the Scientific Consulting Group, Inc. for his technical help in searching the literature and Linda Anderson for editorial comments.

No source of funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the contents of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Analytic Epidemiology Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Room EPN 5105, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA

    Mukesh Verma, Kumiko Iwamoto & Virginia Hartmuller

  2. Clinical Epidemiology and Genetics Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Daniela Seminara & Fernando J. Arena

  3. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Christy John

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  1. Mukesh Verma
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Correspondence to Mukesh Verma.

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Verma, M., Seminara, D., Arena, F.J. et al. Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer. Mol Diag Ther 10, 1–15 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03256438

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