Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diffusion-related behaviour of gold in thin film systems

  • Published:
Gold Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The process of diffusion in the solid state is one aspect of behaviour in gold thin film systems which has received increased attention as gold layers have had to be made significantly thinner without sacrificing their reliability. This article reviews the characteristics of this process for gold over the various one- and two-layer base metal systems which are in common use by the electronics industry. A number of interesting phenomena are described and related to the service problems which they may cause in various devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. G. Baker and T. A. Palumbo,Plating, 1971,58, 791–800

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. J. Solomon and M. Antler,Plating, 1970,57, (8), 812–816

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. S. Frant, ‘Plated Metals in Electrical Contacts’, Space Technology Laboratories Symposium on Connectors, Los Angeles, California, November 1962

    Google Scholar 

  4. P. G. Shewmon, ‘Diffusion in Solids’, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, 44–45

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. E. Reed-Hill, ‘Physical Metallurgy Principles’, Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey, 1964, 263–264

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. Gangulee,J. Appl. Phys., 1972,43, 867–873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. S. Willcox and J. R. Cady,Plating, 1974,61, (12), 1117–1124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Nakahara and Y. Okinaka,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1976,123, 1284–1289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R. W. Balluffi and J. M. Blakely,Thin Solid Films, 1975,25, 363–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. R. Butz, W. Erley and H. Wagner,Phys. Status Solidi A, 1971,7, K5-K8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. W. Balluffi,Phys, Status Solidi, 1970,42, 11–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Hansen and K. Anderko, ‘Constitution of Binary Alloys’, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York, 1958, 199

    Google Scholar 

  13. W. Jost,Z. Phys. Chem., 1932,B-16, 123–128

    Google Scholar 

  14. C. Matano,Jpn. J. Phys., 1934,9, 41–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. F. Archbold and W. H. King,Trans. TMS-AIME, 1965,233, 839–841

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A.B. Martin, R. D. Johnson and F. Asaro,J. Appl. Phys., 1954,25, 364–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. R. Pinnel and J. E. Bennett,Metall. Trans., 1972,3, (7), 1989–1997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. P. M. Hall, J. M. Morabito and N. J. Panousis,Thin Solid Films, 1977,41, (3), 341–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ch. J. Raub, H. R. Khan and J. Lendvay,Gold Bull, 1976,9, (4), 123–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. C. Lo, J. A. Augis and M. R. Pinnel, ‘Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Thin Film Phenomena’, London, September 1978, in press

  21. H. G. Tompkins and M. R. Pinnel,J. Appl. Phys., 1976,47, (9), 3804–3812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. A. Borders,Thin Solid Films, 1973,19, 359–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. H. G. Tompkins,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1975,122, 983–987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. P. M. Hall and J. M. Morabito,Surf. Sci, 1976,59, 624–630

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. H. G. Tompkins and M. R. Pinnel,J. Appl. Phys., 1977,48, (7), 3144–3146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M. R. Pinnel, H. G. Tompkins and D. E. Heath,Appl. Surf. Sci., in press

  27. J. H. Thomas III,IEEE Trans. Parts Hybrids Packag., 1976,PHP-12, 255–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J. H. Thomas III,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1978,125, 898–902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. K. N. Tu and B. S. Berry,J. Appl. Phys., 1972,43, (8), 3283–3290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. R. Pinnel, Bell Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, unpublished research

  31. P. M. Hall, N. T. Panousis and P. R. Menzel,IEEE Trans. Parts Hybrids Packag., 1975,PHP-11, 202–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J. E. Reynolds, B. L. Averbach and M. Cohen,Acta Metall., 1957,5, 29–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Hansen and K. Anderko,op. cit., 220

    Google Scholar 

  34. M. R. Pinnel, H. G. Tompkins and D. E. Heath,J. Electrochem. Soc., submitted for publication

  35. M. J. Graham and M. Cohen,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1972,119, 879–882

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. S. H. Kulpa and R. P. Frankenthal,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1977,124, 1588–1592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Antler,Plating, 1970,57, (1), 615–618

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. M. R. Pinnel and J. E. Bennett,Metall. Trans., 1976,7A, (5), 629–635

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. L. C. C. Da Silva and R. F. Mehl,J. Met., 1951,3, 155–163

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. Nyilas, G. Betz and M. G. Frohberg,Z. Metallkd., 1973,64, 824–826

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. A. S. McDonald and G. H. Sistare,Gold Bull., 1978,11, (4), 128–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. C. Turn and E. L. Owen,Plating, 1974,61, (11), 1015–1018

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. G. C. Wilson,Trans. Inst. Met. Finish., 1972,50, 109–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Rao, M. Mitchell and R. Anderson,Solid State Technol., 1974,17, (11), 47–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. J. E. Bennett and H. G. Tompkins,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1976,123, 999–1003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bell Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    M. Robert Pinnel

Authors
  1. M. Robert Pinnel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pinnel, M.R. Diffusion-related behaviour of gold in thin film systems. Gold Bull 12, 62–71 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216542

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216542

Keywords

Search

Navigation