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Open intransitivity cycles in development and education: Pathways to synthesis

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Abstract

Development as an open-systemic phenomenon involves feed-forward processes that guide the organism to face always uncertain future states of its relations with the environment. This creates a major conceptual problem for science — and a practical one for education — its theoretical terms need to captureboth the certain and uncertain aspects of the developing system. Psychological theory has failed to model developmental processes since it has been built on static ontology of being, rather than on the epistemology of becoming. This contrast is accentuated by the use of transitivity relations in psychological models which are axiomatically closed to the open-endedness of the future in conjunction with the uniqueness of the past-to-present trajectory. Flexibility of developing systems is guaranteed by intransitivity cycles that set up conditions for their own rupture. Development as multi-level interdependent process requires breaking of intransitivity cycles and is organized as an autocatalytic process. Novelty is the key feature in all developing systems, and our formal models in psychology need to open the process of emergence for empirical and theoretical inquiry. Implications of such theoretical reconstruction for educational practices will be discussed — demonstrating that (a) education is necessarily open-ended and constructive process, and (b) outcomes of educational efforts cannot be predicted — while setting the direction towards educational goals is the key to any outcomes.

Résumé

Le développement, considéré comme un phénomène systémique ouvert, requiert des processus récursifs et orientés vers le futur qui guident l’organisme alors qu’il est toujours confronté à des relations en devenir et incertaines avec son environnement. Ceci crée des difficultés conceptuelles majeurs pour les sciences, et des difficultés pratiques pour les sciences de l’éducation. En effet, elles doivent se bâtir sur des termes théoriques à même de rendre compte à la fois des aspects certains et incertains des systèmes en développement. La psychologie théorique échoue dans sa tentative de proposer un modèle pour les processus développementaux dès lors qu’elle est bâtie sur une ontologie statique de l’étant, plutôt que sur une épistémologie du devenir. Ce contraste est accentué par l’usage de relations transitives dans les modèles psychologiques, lesquelles sont fermées de manière axiomatique à l’indétermination du futur, de même qu’à l’unicité des trajectoires allant du passé au présent. Au contraire, des cycles intransitifs, qui créent les conditions de nouvelles ruptures, permettent de garantir la flexibilité des systèmes en développement. Le développement vu comme processus fait d’interdépendances multiples de différents niveaux exige la rupture de cycles intransitifs comme processus auto-catalytiques. La nouveauté est une caractéristique clé dans tous les systèmes en développement; les modèles formels utilisés en psychologique se doivent d’être ouverts aux processus d’émergence apparaissant lors de l’investigation théorique et empirique. Les implications d’une telle reconstruction théoriques pour les pratiques éducatives seront discutées, en montrant (a) que l’éducation est nécessairement un processus ouvert et constructif, et que (b) les résultats des efforts éducatifs ne peuvent pas être prédits, quand bien même la création d’une orientation vers les buts éducatifs est la clé de tous les résultats.

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Correspondence to Jaan Valsiner.

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Valsiner, J. Open intransitivity cycles in development and education: Pathways to synthesis. Eur J Psychol Educ 23, 131 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03172741

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