Abstract
Terwijl sommige artsen zich nimmer het hoofd breken over traumatische herinneringen en zelfs niet weten dat die bestaan, en anderen ze overal menen te zien, is er ruimte voor personen die de middenweg kiezen en die geloven dat zij in staat zijn het bestaan van traumatische herinneringen in specifieke gevallen te ontdekken. De artsen van de laatste categorie hebben diagnostische regels nodig. Helaas zijn de betreffende psychische verschijnselen nog onvolledig bekend en is het verre van gemakkelijk nauwkeurige indicaties te geven.
Pierre Janet (1925, p. 670; vertaling auteurs)
De zich ontwikkelende standard of care voor hervonden ofwel uitgestelde herinneringen aan schokkende gebeurtenissen in de kindertijd houdt in dat psychotherapeuten dergelijke herinneringen tegemoet treden met een houding van zogenoemde onbevangen neutraliteit, als de validiteit ervan onzeker is. Zoals in dit artikel wordt toegelicht, is deze neutraliteit om verschillende redenen echter niet eindeloos te handhaven. Waar externe evidentie uitblijft, doen psychotherapeuten er goed aan een weloverwogen overtuiging over het waarheidsgehalte van deze herinneringen te ontwikkelen en met de patiënt te delen.
Dit is deelIIvan het artikel over psychotherapie en hervonden herinneringen. DeelIgaat over de fasegerichte traumabehandeling tegenover Recovered Memory Therapy.
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Notes
Critici vallen in sterke mate over het gebruik van hypnose. Over dit thema valt veel te zeggen. Wij beperken ons hier tot de opmerking dat hypnose voor allerlei therapeutische doelen kan worden gebruikt. Er moet bijvoorbeeld onderscheid worden gemaakt tussen hypnotische technieken voor symptoombestrijding en voor exploratie van het verleden. Verder lopen op deze exploratie gerichte hypnotische benaderingen uiteen van permissieve en niet-suggestieve technieken naar meer sturende technieken (vergelijk Brown e.a., 1998). Belangrijk is dat niet de toepassing van hypnose (en ook geleide fantasie en droominterpretatie) per se, maar de in dit artikel genoemde risicofactoren de kans op het verwerven van fictieve herinneringen vergroten (zie Brown e.a., 1998; Kluft, 1998).
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Onno van der Hart is bijzonder hoogleraar bij de capaciteitsgroep klinische psychologie, Universiteit Utrecht, hoofd onderzoek aan het Cats-Polm Instituut in Bilthoven, en is als psycholoog/psychotherapeut verbonden aan de RIAGG Zuid/Nieuw West in Amsterdam.
Ellert Nijenhuis is als psycholoog/psychotherapeut verbonden aan de polikliniek van psychiatrisch ziekenhuis Drenthe, Assen, en als onderzoeker aan het Cats-Polm Instituut in Bilthoven.
Correspondentieadres: RIAGG Zuid/Nieuw West, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam;
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van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. Psychotherapie en hervonden herinneringen – deel II . PSIE 25, 137–145 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03061903
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03061903