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Stellenwert spontaner und provozierter Rhythmusstörungen

Holter monitoring and programmed ventricular stimulation

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Zusammenfassung

Die Langzeit-Elektrokardiographie ist die Methode der Wahl, um die Quantität und Qualität spontaner Rhythmusstörungen zu erfassen. Die Spontanvariabilität einzelner Arrhythmieformen schränkt die Aussagekraft dieser nicht invasiven Methode ein. Invasive Verfahren wie die programmierte Stimulation ermöglichen die Provokation von Rhythmusstörungen. Indikationen für beide Verfahren sind die Abklärung von Symptomen, eine Risikostratifikation hinsichtlich der Gefährdung durch den arrhythmiebedingten plötzlichen Herztod sowie die Kontrolle einer antiarrhythmischen Therapie.

Bei der Abklärung schwerwiegender Symptome wie Synkopen und überlebtem Herzstillstand ist das Langzeit-EKG aufgrund der hohen Spontanvariabilität komplexer ventrikulärer Arrhythmien in der Regel überfordert. Nur in maximal 50% läßt sich mit dieser Methode die Ursache finden. Die invasive elektrophysiologische Untersuchung ist hier meist unerläßlich.

Die prognostische Bedeutung spontaner komplexer ventrikulärer Rhythmusstörungen, die im Langzeit-EKG dokumentiert werden können, ist abhängig von der kardialen Grundkrankheit. Für die koronare Herzkrankheit mit Zustand nach Myokardinfarkt ist sie erwiesen, insbesondere bei Vorliegen einer eingeschränkten linksventrikulären Funktion. Die programmierte Ventrikelstimulation ist nur bei der koronaren Herzkrankheit geeignet, ein Hochrisikokollektiv weiter einzuengen.

Für die Therapiekontrolle symptomatischer Patienten sind unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen beide Verfahren geeignet. Für die Mehrzahl dieser Patienten ist jedoch das invasive Verfahren vorzuziehen.

Langzeit-Elektrokardiographie und programmierte Stimulation sind somit keine konkurrierenden, sondern einander ergänzende kardiologische Verfahren.

Summary

Long-term ECG recordings are the method of choice to evaluate quantity and quality of spontaneous rhythm disturbances. However, this method is limited by the variability of the arrhythmias. Invasive procedures such as programmed stimulation allow the provocation of tachyarrhythmias. Indications for both methods are diagnostic clarification of clinical symptoms, risk stratification with respect to arrhythmogenic sudden cardiac death as well as the control of antiarrhythmic therapy.

Due to the high variability of spontaneous complex ventricular arrhythmias, Holter monitoring often fails to document the cause of severe symptoms such as syncope or sudden cardiac death. In these patients, invasive electrophysiological testing is required to provoke the arrhythmia.

The prognostic significance of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias recorded during ambulatory monitoring depends on the underlying cardiac disease. In patients with coronary artery disease and a history of myocardial infarction there is evidence that frequent single and/or complex ventricular extrasystoles indicate an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, especially in the presence of a reduced left ventricular function. In these patients, programmed ventricular stimulation can further characterize a highrisk group.

For the management of antiarrhythmic therapy in symptomatic patients, under certain conditions both methods appear to be helpful. For the majority of these patients, however, the invasive electrophysiologic study should be preferred.

Thus, long-term ECG recordings and programmed electrical stimulation are no competing, but complementary methods in clinical cardiology.

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Gonska, B.D. Stellenwert spontaner und provozierter Rhythmusstörungen. Herzschr Elektrophys 8, 238–244 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03042614

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