Abstract
This article examines the implications of a cognitive model of learning for the design of educational broadcast television. Specifically examined are research studies with instructional implications for such functions as pacing, cueing, modeling, and transformation of the television presentation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, D., Alwitt, L., Lorch, E., & Levin, S. (1979). Watching children watching television. In G. Halee & M. Lewis (Eds.),Attention and cognitive development. New York: Plenum.
Anderson, D., & Levin, S. (1976). Young children’s attention to “Sesame Street.”Child Development, 47, 806–811.
Anderson, D., Lorch, E., Field, D., & Sanders, J. (1981). The effects of TV program comprehensibility on preschool children’s visual attention to television.Child Development, 52, 151–157.
Anderson, R., & Hidde, J. (1971). Imagery and sentence learning.Journal of Educational Psychology, 62(6), 526–530.
Atkinson, R. (1975). Mnemonics in second language learning.American Psychologist, 30, 821–828.
Atkinson, R., & Shiffrin, R. (1968). Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes. In G. Bower & J. Spence (Eds.),The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.
Ball, S., & Bogatz, G. (1970).The first year of Sesame Street: An evaluation. Princeton: Educational Testing Service.
Ball, S., & Bogatz, G. (1973).Reading with television. An evaluation of the Electric Company. Princeton: Educational Testing Service.
Bogatz, C., & Ball, S. (1971).A summary of the major findings in the second year of Sesame Street: A continuing evaluation. Princeton: Educational Testing Service.
Bovy, R. (1981). Successful instructional methods: A congnitive information processing approach.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29(4), 203–217.
Bruffee, K. (1982). CLTV: Collaborative learning television.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30(1), 26–40.
Bruning, I. (1983). An information processing approach to a theory of instruction.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 31(2), 91–101.
Calvert, S., Huston, A., Watkins, B., & Wright, J. (1982). The relation between selective attention to television forms and children’s comprehension of content.Child Development, 53, 601–610.
Case, R. (1980). Implications of neo-Piagetian theory for improving the design of instruction. In J. Kirby & J. Briggs (Eds.),Cognitive development and instruction. New York: Academic Press.
Chu, G., & Schramm, W. (1974).Learning from television: What the research says. (Rev. ed.), Washington, DC: National Association of Educational Broadcasters.
Clark, R. (1983). Reconsidering research on learning from media.Review of Educational Research, 53(4), 445–459.
Clark, R. (1984). Clark’s reply.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 32(4), 238–241.
Cohen, P., Ebling, B., & Kulik, J. (1981). A meta-analysis of outcome studies of visual-based instruction.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29(1), 26–36.
Cook, T., Appleton, H., Conner, R., Shaffer, A., Tamkin, G., & Weber, S. (1975).Sesame Street revisited. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Dubin, R., & Hedley, R. (1969).The medium may be related to the message. Eugene, OR: Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration.
Fleming, M., & Levie, H. (1978).Instructional message design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Friedrich, L., & Stein, A. (1975). Prosocial television and young children: The effects of verbal labeling and role playing on learning and behavior.Child Development, 46, 7–38.
Gagné, R., & Briggs, L. (1979).Principles of instructional design. (2nd ed.) New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Glaser, R. (1976). Components of a psychology of instruction: Toward a science of design.Review of Educational Research, 46, 1–24.
Glass, A., Holyoak, K., & Santa, J. (1979).Cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Greeno, J. (1980). Psychology of learning, 1960–1980: One participants’ observations.American Psychologist, 35(8), 713–728.
Henderson, R., Swanson, R., & Zimmerman, B. (1975). Inquiry response induction in preschool children through televised modeling.Developmental Psychology, 11(4), 523–524.
Jamison, D., Suppes, P., & Wells, S. (1974). The effectiveness of alternative instructional media: A survey.Review of Educational Research, 44(1), 1–67.
Kerlinger, F. (1977). The influence of research on education practice.Educational Researcher, 6(8), 5–12.
Klatzky, R. (1980).Human memory: Structures and processes. (2nd ed.) San Francisco: Freeman.
Krendl, K., & Watkins, B. (1983). Understanding television: An exploratory inquiry into the reconstruction of narrative content.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 31(4), 201–212.
Krull, R., & Husson, W. (1979). The effects of form and content on children’s attention: The case of TV viewing. In E. Wartella (Ed.),Children communicating: Media and development of thought speech and understanding. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Lesser, G. (1974).Children and television: Lessons from Sesame Street. New York: Vintage Books.
Lindsay, P., & Norman, D. (1972).Human information processing. New York: Academic Press.
Lorch, E., Anderson, D., & Levin, S. (1979). The relationship of visual attention to children’s comprehension of television.Child Development, 50, 722–727.
McKeachie, W. (1976). Psychology in America’s bicentennial year.American Psychologist, 31 (12), 819–833.
Paivio, A. (1980). Imagery as a private audiovisual aid.Instructional Science, 9, 295–309.
Palmer, E. (1978, June).A pedogogical analysis of recurrent formats on Sesame Street and Electric Company. Paper presented at the International Conference on Children’s Educational Television, Amsterdam.
Petkovich, M., & Tennyson, R. (1984). Clark’s “Learning from media”: A critique.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 32(4), 233–237.
Salomon, G. (1978). On the future of media research.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 26(1), 37–46.
Salomon, G. (1979).Interaction of media, cognition and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Salomon, G. (1981, September). Introducing AIME: The assessment of children’s mental involvement with television. In H. Kelly & H. Gardner (Eds.),New directions for child development: Viewing children through television (no. 13). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Singer, J. (1980). The power and limitations of television: A cognitive-affective analysis. In P. Tannenbaum (Ed.),The entertainment functions of television. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Snow, R. (1977). Individual differences and instructional theory.Educational Researcher, 6(10), 11–15.
Steingart, S., & Clock, M. (1979). Imagery and the recall of connected discourse.Reading Research Quarterly, 15(1), 66–83.
Torres, J. (1984).The impact of overt response and feedback on learning during children’s viewing of the Electric Company. Paper presented at AERA national meeting, New Orleans.
Wakshlag, J., Reitz, R., & Zillman, D. (1982). Selective exposure to and acquisition of information from educational television programs as a function of appeal and tempo of background music.Journal of Educational Psychology, 75(5), 666–677.
Watkins, B., Calvert, S., Huston-Stein, A., & Wright, J. (1980). Children’s recall of television material: Effects of presentation mode and adult labeling.Developmental Psychology, 16, 672–674.
Wilgosh, L. (1975). Effects of labels on memory for pictures in four-year-old children.Journal of Educational Psychology, 67(3), 375–379.
Winn, W. (1982). Visualization in learning and instruction: A cognitive approach.Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30(1), 3–25.
Witkin, H., Moore, C., Goodenough, D., & Cox, P. (1977). Field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implications.Reviews of Educational Research, 47(1), 1–64.
Wright, J., & Huston, A. (1982).The information processing demands of television and “medial literacy.” Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association meeting, New York.
Wright, J., & Vlietstra, A. (1975). The development of selective attention: From perceptual exploration to logical search. In H. Reese (Ed.),Advances in child development and behavior. (Vol. 10). New York: Academic Press.
Additional information
Robert B. Kozma is Associate Professor at School of Education, Associate Research Scientist at the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, and Project Director, National Center for Research to Improve Post Secondary Teaching and Learning, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kozma, R.B. Implications of instructional psychology for the design of educational television. ECTJ 34, 11–19 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02768358
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02768358