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Some remarks on time and energy as conjugate variables

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Il Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965)

Summary

The possibility of treating the time in classical mechanics as a dynamical variable and not as a parameter is strongly suggested by the theory of relativity and by the correspondence to quantum theory. The most natural way to realize this possibility seems to be to introduce a new integration parameter instead of the time in the principle of Hamilton. However, this simple procedure gives a constraint between the generalized co-ordinates and momenta, which makes it impossible to follow the standard Hamiltonian pattern. It is shown that the parametrized principle of Hamilton can be modified in two different ways so as to give a complete Hamiltonian formalism, possessing a first integral, which makes the equations of motion identical with the ordinary ones. It is pointed out that both these modifications can be considered as limiting cases of the relativistic principle of Hamilton for a charged particle in an electromagnetic field.

Riassunto

La teoria della relatività e la corrispondenza con la teoria dei quanti suggeriscono decisamente la possibilità di trattare il tempo nella meccanica classica come una variabile dinamica e non come un parametro. Il modo più naturale per realizzare questa possibilità sembra l’introduzione nel principio di Hamilton di un nuovo parametro di integrazione al posto del tempo. Tuttavia, questo semplice artificio genera una costrizione fra le coordinate generalizzate e gli impulsi, che rende impossibile seguire il procedimento standard di Hamilton. Si dimostra che il principio di Hamilton paparametrizzato può essere modificato in due modi diversi in modo da dare un completo formalismo Hamiltoniano, che possiede un integrale primo, il che rende le equazioni del moto identiche a quelle ordinarie. Si rileva che entrambe queste modificazioni possono essere considerate casi limiti del principio di Hamilton per una particella carica in un campo elettromagnetico.

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references

  1. C. Lanczos:The Variational Principles of Mechanics (Toronto, 1949).

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Invited paper presented to the Advanced Course of the Winter Institute in Quantum Chemistry and Solid State Physics, Sanibel Island, Florida, January 1962.

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Hjalmars, S. Some remarks on time and energy as conjugate variables. Nuovo Cim 25, 355–364 (1962). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02731451

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02731451

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