Abstract
The viscosity of smelting slags from the Glogow copper plant in Poland was measured using a concentric cylinder viscometer. These slags contain typically 45 pct SiO2, 16 pct CaO, 8 pct MgO, 11 pct Al2O3, and only 5 to 7 pct total iron. The viscosity was measured as a function of the CaO, MgO, SiO2, Cu2O, Cr2O3, and Fe3O4 contents in the temperature range from 1473 to 1623 K. Silica and chromium oxide additions increased the viscosity, while small additions of the other oxides decreased the viscosity. However, at large additions of CaO or MgO, cooling resulted in a rapid increase in the viscosity upon reaching the transition temperature. This critical transition temperature increased with increasing additions of CaO and MgO. This was explained by the precipitation of solid particles upon reaching the saturation limit. Depending on the slag composition, the activation energy for viscous flow was found to be in the range from 200 to 370 kJ/mol.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P.J. Mackey:Can. Metall. Q., 1982, vol. 21, pp. 221–60.
E. Iwanciw, A. Warczok, J. Wojewoda and W. Mroz:Rudy Metale, V., 1978, vol. 23 (1), p. 7.
J.O'M. Bockris, J.A. Kitchener, S. Ignatowicz, and J.W. Tomlinson:Trans. Faraday Soc., 1952, vol. 48, p. 75.
B.E. Warren:J. Appl. Phys., 1937, vol. 8, p. 645.
J.O'M. Bockris and D.C. Lowe:Proc. R. Soc., London, 1954, vol. A226, p. 423.
J.O'M. Bockris, J.D. Mackenzie, and J.A. Kitchener:Trans. Faraday Soc., 1955, vol. 51, p. 1734.
E.T. Turkdogan and P.M. Bills:Cer. Bull., 1960, vol. 39, p. 682.
F.D. Richardson:Physical Chemistry of Melts in Metallurgy, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1973, vol. 1.
W.L. McCauley and D. Apelian:Can. Metal. Q., 1981, vol. 20, pp. 247–62.
T. Rosenqvist:Principles of Extractive Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, Toronto, 1974, p. 342.
A.V. Vaniukov and V.I. Zajcev:Theory of Pyrometallurgical Processes, Metallurgia, Moscow, 1973 (in Russian).
P. Kozakevitch:Rev. Metall., 1949, vol. 46, pp. 505–16 and pp. 572–82.
J.M. Toguri and G.H. Kaiura, and G. Marchant: inExtractive Metallurgy of Copper, J.C. Yannopoulos and J.C. Agarwal, eds., TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1976, vol. 1, pp. 259–73.
P. Roentgen and H. Winterhager, and R. Kammel:Erzmetall, 1960, vol. 13, pp. 363–73.
Y. Shiraishi, K. Ikeda, A. Tamura and T. Saito:Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1978, vol. 19, pp. 264–74.
P. Williams, M. Sunderland, and G. Briggs:Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., London, 1984, vol. 92, pp. C105-C109.
R. Higgins and T.J.B. Jones:Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 1962-63, vol. 72, pp. 825–64.
G.H. Kaiura, J.M. Toguri and G. Marchant:Transactions, Metallurgical Society of CIM, Montreal, 1977, pp. 1–5.
M.G. Urbain:Comput. Rend., 1951, vol. 232, p. 614.
T. Myslivec, J. Wozniak, and C. Cerny:Sb., ved. pr. Vys. sk. banske Ostrave, 1974, vol. 20, p. 57.
M. Kucharski, N.M. Stubina, and J.M. Toguri:Can. Metall. Q., 1989, vol. 28, pp. 7–11.
K. Ikeda, A. Tamura, Y. Shiraishi, and T. Saito:Tohoku Daigaku Senko Seiren Kenkyusho Iho, 1973, vol. 29, p. 24.
P.M. Bills:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1963, vol. 201, pp. 133–40.
F.D. Richardson:Physical Chemistry of Melts in Metallurgy, Academic Press, London, 1974, vol. 1, p. 105.
C.R. Masson, W.D. Jamieson, and F.G. Mason:The Richardson Conf. on the Physical Chemistry of Process Metallurgy, IMM, London, 1974.
P. Kozakevitch:Physical Chemistry of Process Metallurgy, part I, Metallurgical Society Conf., Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, 1961, vol. 7, pp. 97–116.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kowalczyk, J., Mroz, W., Warczok, A. et al. Viscosity of copper slags from chalcocite concentrate smelting. Metall Mater Trans B 26, 1217–1223 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02654007
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02654007