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Natural enemies ofLymantria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae] eggs in Central Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and a review of the world literature on natural enemies ofL. dispar eggs

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Abstract

We present the results of a survey for natural enemies of eggs of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.)(Lep.: Lymantriidae), in central Pennsylvania, along with a review of the world literature on the natural enemies of gypsy moth eggs. In Pennsylvania, the parasites wereOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)(Hym.: Encyrtidae) (by far the most abundant),Dibrachys cavus (Walker)(Hym.: Pteromalidae), andPediobius sp.(Hym.: Eulophidae). The predators were primarily ants(Hym.: Formicidae), but other predators included beetle larvae(Col.: Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Trogositidae), lacewing larvae(Neur.: Chrysopidae), bugs(Hem.: Pentatomidae), and mites(Acari). The parasiteO. kuvanae was in turn preyed upon by spiders(Araneida) and aPhymata sp.(Hem.: Phymatidae). Total predation of gypsy moth eggs averaged 11%, occurring at a constant rate of ca 0.6% per week throughout the summer and autumn. The greatest predation occurred nearer the ground with no differences among either aspect on the tree or tree species on which the egg mass was located. A negative association was discovered betweenO. kuvanae andD. cavus, but not betweenO. kuvanae andPediobius sp. Throughout the world, gypsy moth egg parasites and hyperparasites have been recorded from 6 different hymenopterous families; egg predators have been found in 13 families representing 5 orders of arthropods. Vertebrate predators of gypsy moth eggs are in 6 families of birds and 3 families of mammals.

Résumé

Nous présentons ici les résultats d'une enquête sur les ennemis naturels des œufs deLymantria dispar (L.)(Lep. Lymantriidae) dans la Pennsylvanie centrale, ainsi qu'une revue de la littérature sur les ennemis naturels des œufs deL. dispar. L'ennemi naturel le plus abondant estOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)(Hym. Encyrtidae); parmi les autres parasites en Pennsylvanie, on compteDibrachys cavus (Walker)(Hym. Pteromalidae) et une espèce dePediobius (Hym. Eulophidae). Les prédateurs des œufs sont principalement des fourmis(Hym. Formicidae), des larves de coléoptères(Col.: Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Trogositidae), des larves d'hémérobe(Neu. Chrysopidae), des punaises(Hem. Pentatomidae) et des acariens(Acari). Des araignées(Araneida) et une espèce dePhymata (Hem. Phymatidae) sont également prédateurs deO. kuwanae. La perte totale des œufs du disparate est en moyenne de 11%, selon un taux constant d'environ 0,6% par semaine pendant l'été et l'automne, la prédation la plus importante a lieu près du sol, sans qu'il y ait de relation avec l'orientation des œufs sur l'arbre, ou l'espèce d'arbre sur lequel se trouvent les œufs. Une association négative a été découverte entreO. kuwanae etD. cavus, mais pas entreo. kuwanae etPediobius.

Dans le monde les parasites d'œufs deL. dispar et les hyperparasites ont été signalés de 6 familles d'hyménoptères, les prédateurs d'œufs ont été trouvés dans 13 familles de 5 ordres d'arthropodes. Les vertébrés prédateurs des œufs appartiennent à 6 familles d'oiseaux et 3 familles de mammifères.

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Author notes

  1. M. W. Brown

    Present address: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Route 2, Box 45, 25430, Kearneysville, WV, USA

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  1. Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 16802, University Park, PA, USA

    M. W. Brown & E. Alan Cameron

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This work was supported under Regional Project NE-84 (revised), “Behavior and Interrelationships of the Gypsy Moth, its Natural'Enemies and Insecticides”, and conducted under Experiment Station Project No. 2044. Authorized for publication as paper no. 6306 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Brown, M.W., Cameron, E.A. Natural enemies ofLymantria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae] eggs in Central Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and a review of the world literature on natural enemies ofL. dispar eggs. Entomophaga 27, 311–321 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374814

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