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Management of decentralization of education in Tanzania: Towards the identification of training needs

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Abstract

While the improved management of education in developing countries is widely canvassed, training for management is frequently neglected. The premise of this paper is that a major impact can be made by identifying, selecting, training and supervising key cadres of local management. Since 1972, Tanzanian policy has been to decentralize planning and management responsibilities to regions and districts. However, in many regions there has been a breakdown of managerial capabilities of Regional Office teams. District officers have more tangible responsibility, and at a more local level, ward co-ordinators play a key role. A survey of practice indicates major weaknesses in management at regional and district levels, compounded by logistical difficulties, although there are many examples of innovative creativity, and training has been carried out in Tanzania and overseas. Training needs analysis has shown up 12 skill areas, which are presented here as targets for a training curriculum. In summary these are: knowledge of socioeconomic conditions and policies; statistics; financial control; management and maintenance of physical facilities; management of micro-projects; communication; personnel management; administration of public examinations; in-service training management; office administration; research and evaluation; and curriculum management.

Zusammenfassung

Während man weithin eine bessere Organisation des Bildungssystems in den Entwicklungsländern fordert, wird die dafür notwendige Ausbildung häufig vernachlässigt. Anliegen dieser Studie ist es, diese Verbesserung durch die Benennung, Auswahl, Weiterbildung und Kontrolle von Angestellten in Schlüsselpositionen auf lokaler Ebene zu erreichen. Seit 1972 verfolgt die tansanische Politik eine Dezentralisierung der Planungs- und Verwaltungszuständigkeiten auf Regionen und Kreise. In vielen Regionen verschlechterten sich jedoch die Fähigkeiten des Personals der Regionalbüros im Verwaltungsbereich bis zur völligen Unzulänglichkeit. Kreisbeamte haben eine direktere Verantwortung, und auf unterer Ebene besitzen Gemeindebeamte eine Schlüsselrolle. Eine Untersuchung der Praxis fördert wesentliche, auf logistischen Schwierigkeiten beruhende Schwächen in der Verwaltung auf regionaler und Kreisebene zutage, obwohl es viele Beispiele innovativer Kreativität gibt und die Ausbildung in Tansania und Übersee durchgeführt wurde. Eine Analyse der Fortbildungserfordernisse hat bis zu 12 Lehrbereiche aufgezeigt, die als Ziele für ein Curriculum über Fortbildung genannt werden. Zusammengefaßt sind dies: Kenntnisse der sozial-ökonomischen Bedingungen und Politik; statistische Erhebungen; finanzielle Kontrolle; Verwaltung und Erhaltung der Einrichtungen; Organisation von Mikroprojekten; Kommunikation; Personalverwaltung; Durchführung von öffentlichen Prüfungen; Organisation der Fortbildung; Büroverwaltung; Forschung und Evaluierung und die Handhabung des Curriculums.

Résumé

Si l'amélioration de la gestion de l'éducation fait l'objet de nombreux débats dans les pays en développement, la formation administrative, en revanche, est fréquemment négligée. Le présent article repose sur le postulat qu'un impact majeur peut être réalisé en identifiant, en sélectionnant, en formant et en supervisant les cadres clés de l'administration locale. La politique tanzanienne s'applique depuis 1972 à décentraliser les services de la planification et de l'administration en les installant dans les régions et les districts. Cependant, les capacités de gestion des équipes administratives locales font défaut dans de nombreuses régions. Les fonctionnaires de district ont une responsabilité plus concrète et, à un niveau plus local, les coordinateurs de commune jouent un rôle clé. Une étude de la pratique en cours indique les carences majeures de l'administration aux niveaux de la région et du district, amplifiées par les difficultés organisationnelles, bien qu'il y ait de nombreux exemples de créativité novatrice, et la formation a été assurée en Tanzanie comme à l'étranger. L'analyse des besoins de formation a révélé 12 domaines qui sont présentés ici comme les objectifs d'un programme de formation. Ces matières sont: connaissance des conditions et politiques socio-économiques; finances, gestion et maintenance des matériels et équipements; direction de micro-projects; communication; direction du personnel; administration des examens publics; direction de la formation en cours d'emploi; administration publique; recherche et évaluation; gestion du curriculum.

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Lillis, K.M. Management of decentralization of education in Tanzania: Towards the identification of training needs. Int Rev Educ 36, 417–440 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01874751

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