Determination of the surface free energy of modified carbon fibers and its relation to the work of adhesion

Abstract

Surface free energy of various carbon fibers was determined by tensiometric method in three different procedures. The dispersiveγ ^d _s and the nondispersiveγ ^p _s components were separately determined by contact angle measurements in two-phase system, formamide-n-alkanes. Theγ ^p _s increased by oxidation and decreased by hydrogen reduction, while theγ ^d _s remained almost constant.Theγ ^p _s value determined from contact angle of water/ethyleneglycol solution tended to become higher. The critical surface free energy was in harmony with the total free energy determined from formamide-n-alkanes system as long as liquids were properly selected. The formation of oxygen-containing functional groups was evidenced by ESCA, and the surface [O]/[C] ratio was related linearly to the surface polarity defined byγ ^p _s [γ ^d _s +γ ^p _s ] Oxidation in liquid phase resulted in the formation of both hydroxyls and carboxyls, while only hydroxyls were formed in gas phase. The interfacial shear strength of the fiber-epoxy resin could be closely correlated with thermodynamical work of adhesion calculated on the basis of surface free energy and its component.